一、算法概述

1.1 KNN（K-Nearest Neighbor）工作原理
存在一个样本数据集合，也称为训练样本集，并且样本集中每个数据都存在标签，即我们知道样本集中每一数据与所属分类对应的关系。输入没有标签的数据后，将新数据中的每个特征与样本集中数据对应的特征进行比较，提取出样本集中特征最相似数据（最近邻）的分类标签。一般来说，我们只选择样本数据集中前k个最相似的数据，这就是k近邻算法中k的出处，通常k是不大于20的整数。最后选择k个最相似数据中出现次数最多的分类作为新数据的分类。
说明：KNN没有显示的训练过程，它是“懒惰学习”的代表，它在训练阶段只是把数据保存下来，训练时间开销为0，等收到测试样本后进行处理。
举例：以电影分类作为例子，电影题材可分为爱情片，动作片等，那么爱情片有哪些特征？动作片有哪些特征呢？也就是说给定一部电影，怎么进行分类？这里假定将电影分为爱情片和动作片两类，如果一部电影中接吻镜头很多，打斗镜头较少，显然是属于爱情片，反之为动作片。有人曾根据电影中打斗动作和接吻动作数量进行评估，数据如下：

　给定一部电影数据（18，90）打斗镜头18个，接吻镜头90个，如何知道它是什么类型的呢？KNN是这样做的，首先计算未知电影与样本集中其他电影的距离（这里使用曼哈顿距离），数据如下：

　　实现步骤：
　　　　（1）计算距离
　　　　（2）选择距离最小的k个点
　　　　（3）排序
二、案列（使用KNN实现手写数字识别）

from numpy import *
import operator
from os import listdir

def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
    dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
    diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize,1)) - dataSet
    sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
    sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)
    distances = sqDistances**0.5
    sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort()     
    classCount={}          
    for i in range(k):
        voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]
        classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel,0) + 1
    sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
    return sortedClassCount[0][0]
    
def img2vector(filename):
    returnVect = zeros((1,1024))
    fr = open(filename)
    for i in range(32):
        lineStr = fr.readline()
        for j in range(32):
            returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
    return returnVect

def handwritingClassTest():
    hwLabels = []
    trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits')           #load the training set
    m = len(trainingFileList)
    trainingMat = zeros((m,1024))
    for i in range(m):
        fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]     #take off .txt
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
        trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
    testFileList = listdir('testDigits')        #iterate through the test set
    errorCount = 0.0
    mTest = len(testFileList)
    for i in range(mTest):
        fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]     #take off .txt
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
        classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)
        print ("the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (classifierResult, classNumStr))
        if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0
    print ("\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount)
    print ("\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(mTest)))
if __name__=='__main__':
    handwritingClassTest()

运行结果：

the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the classifier came back with: 9, the real answer is: 9
the total number of errors is: 11
the total error rate is: 0.011628