[翻译文章] 原文链接
git-flow https://github.com/nvie/gitflow

Vincent Driessen的分支模型是一个 git 分支和发布管理规范,用来帮助开发人员在大型的软件项目中追踪features, hotfixes 和 releases.这个工作流有很多命令去输入和记住,所以还有一个 git 的子命令 git-flow 的库来做一部分的自动化流程,使得其更加方便使用.

git-flow

$ git flow init
Initialized empty Git repository in ~/project/.git/
No branches exist yet. Base branches must be created now.
Branch name for production releases: [master]
Branch name for "next release" development: [develop]

How to name your supporting branch prefixes?
Feature branches? [feature/]
Release branches? [release/]
Hotfix branches? [hotfix/]
Support branches? [support/]
Version tag prefix? []

git-flow只是围绕现有git命令的一个包装，所以init命令不会更改你的项目中的任何内容，除了为你创建分支。 如果你不想使用git-flow，则无需更改或删除，你只需停止使用git-flow命令。
如果你设置好之后运行git branch, 你会发现你的主分支切换到了一个名为develop的新分支.

$ git branch
* develop
  master

develop分支还是大部分工作在处理的默认分支,然后master分支还是记录已经开发完成的代码.

Feature 分支

git-flow中的 feature 功能让多个并行开发的任务变得易于处理,要用这个功能,用 feature start加上你的新功能的名字.(下面例子中的: authentication)

$ git flow feature finish authentication
Switched to branch 'develop'
Updating 9060376..00bafe4
Fast-forward
 authentication.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 authentication.txt
Deleted branch feature/authentication (was 00bafe4).

Summary of actions:
- The feature branch 'feature/authentication' was merged into 'develop'
- Feature branch 'feature/authentication' has been removed
- You are now on branch 'develop'

你的feature 功能将会被合并,然后会回到develop分支.在内部, git-flow 使用了git merge --no-ff feature/authentication 来确保你的 feature分支在被移除前有任务未提交的内容.

Versioned releases

当你准备将新版本部署到生产的时候,如果你需要发布和打 tag, 可以使用git flow 的 release 功能.
跟 git-flow 的其他功能一样,你不想用 release 功能也可以.喜欢手动git merge --no-ff develop合并代码而且还没有 tag?没问题,但是,如果你正在使用版本化的 API 或者库的时候, release 功能可能非常有用,它的作用跟你希望的一样:

$ git flow release start 0.1.0
Switched to a new branch 'release/0.1.0'

Summary of actions:
- A new branch 'release/0.1.0' was created, based on 'develop'
- You are now on branch 'release/0.1.0'

Follow-up actions:
- Bump the version number now!
- Start committing last-minute fixes in preparing your release
- When done, run:
    
 git flow release finish '0.1.0'

输入版本号,并在 release 分支中执行发布项目所需的一切.我个人不愿意在 release 分支上做任何改动或者bug fix,但如果你做了, git-flow 也会保证你做的任何改动都会合并到master和develop分支.然后, 完成这次 release:

$ git flow release finish 0.1.0
Switched to branch 'master'
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 authentication.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 authentication.txt
Deleted branch release/0.1.0 (was 1b26f7c).

Summary of actions:
- Latest objects have been fetched from 'origin'
- Release branch has been merged into 'master'
- The release was tagged '0.1.0'
- Release branch has been back-merged into 'develop'
- Release branch 'release/0.1.0' has been deleted

Boom! git-flow 从远端拉取,把release合并到master,根据版本号打上 tag.而且在移除 release 分支之前,反向合并了 release 分支中的提交到develop分支.
在这个命令之后,你还是master分支,在你回到develop之前你可以部署这次发布,git-flow 的作用是为了把release的改动更新到master上.

Hotfix

当线上发生 bug 的时候,因为你的master分支与线上环境保持一致,所以你可以很快的发现线上环境的任何问题.
比如,生产环境发现有图片没有加载出来,你会回滚部署然后开启一个hotfix分支:

$ git flow hotfix start assets
Switched to a new branch 'hotfix/assets'

Summary of actions:
- A new branch 'hotfix/assets' was created, based on 'master'
- You are now on branch 'hotfix/assets'

Follow-up actions:
- Bump the version number now!
- Start committing your hot fixes
- When done, run:

     git flow hotfix finish 'assets'

hotfix分支和release分支大部分都是一样的,除了hotfix是基于master而release是基于develop.你可以很快的切换到hotfix分支然后开始修复问题,然后修改 minor 版本号.当你完成之后,输入hotfix finish:

$ git flow hotfix finish assets
Switched to branch 'master'
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 assets.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 assets.txt
Switched to branch 'develop'
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 assets.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 assets.txt
Deleted branch hotfix/assets (was 08edb94).

Summary of actions:
- Latest objects have been fetched from 'origin'
- Hotfix branch has been merged into 'master'
- The hotfix was tagged '0.1.1'
- Hotfix branch has been back-merged into 'develop'
- Hotfix branch 'hotfix/assets' has been deleted

跟完成一个release分支一样,hotfix分支会被合并到master和develop分支,在release分支打个 tag 之后hotfix分支会被移除.

你为什么不用git-flow?

如果你没有版本控制发布,这套 git 的工作流程和 git-flow 库可能不适合你.但是,如果你是有一个语义化的版本工程,就像 Rubygem 或者有版本API库,git-flow将为您提供几个简单的命令，这些命令将在底层做了进行大量工作，从而实现功能的开发，发布版本和修复bug更容易.