跌宕起伏的2020，还有82天。
巨大历史洪流中你我只是一粒尘埃，由得自己的事情寥寥可数。学习是其中之一。
82天不间断每天10个托福词汇深度学习的文章，是我想留给2020和我自己的一份礼物。
有趣，不枯燥。用英语解读英语，学单词和它相关的文化。试试看吧。
（此系列文章适合英语六级以上读者）
aftermath
The aftermath of a car crash might include a broken fender, a sprained rib, and a lecture from a police officer. The consequences of an unpleasant event make up its aftermath.
n. 后果，余波
上面这句英文解释的释义是说，汽车事故的后果可能是撞坏的防护壳，扭伤的肋骨，以及一纸警察的文书。一件不快的事件带来的一系列结果就是aftermath。
a broken fender
图中的黑色撞坏的部分是fender。白色撞坏的部分是bumper。
a sprained rib
rib就是排骨啦~ a sprained rip就是扭伤的肋骨。
grievous
If something is called grievous, you better take it seriously. Grievous is used to describe horrible things like tragedies or crimes. If you have a grievous wound, a band-aid simply won't do.
Grievous is derived from the noun grief, which means "sadness." When something is grievous, therefore, it's not just bad, but so bad that it causes unusually intense shock or sadness. It's often used to describe crimes and other bad deeds that go beyond mere criminality and into the world of cruelty. For example, it's harmful to steal from someone; it's grievous to steal from them and then, having stolen their stuff, beat them up or kill them.
adj. 痛苦的，剧烈的，严重的
如果什么东西是被称作grievous，那么就要严肃对待它了。Grevious一般用来形容悲剧或者犯罪这样的事情。如果你有个grievous伤口，那么不是简单用个创可贴就可以处理的。
Grievous词源是grief，意思是悲伤。一件事情如果是grievous的，那么，这件事情不仅仅是不好，而是很不好，它经常带来的震惊和巨大的悲伤。Grievous经常被用来描述超出一般犯罪行为的残忍的犯罪。举例而言，偷窃是有害的，而如果偷窃之后还把人给打伤或者杀掉就是grievous了。
dehydrate
To make a raisin, you dehydrate a grape. To dehydrate is to remove all of the water from, or to dry up.
When you exercise a lot, it's good to drink water so that your body doesn't dehydrate. Signs of dehydration in a person? Dry mouth, exhaustion, dark urine, the chills, and head rushes. If you experience these, get a drink quick! Signs of dehydration in a fruit? Wrinkled skin and extra sweetness. Yum!
vt. vi. 脱水
做葡萄干就是把葡萄脱水。脱水就是要么把水分脱掉，要么让它变干。
大量运动后，最好要补充水分保证身体不会脱水。身体脱水的征兆是，嘴干，疲倦，尿的颜色深，寒战，头晕。如果有这些症状，一定要尽快饮水。水果脱水的表现是什么呢？皱皱的皮和甜甜的果果，好吃！
今年收成的唯二的两串葡萄之一的这串儿就是很好的脱水了的葡萄的示例，刚跑去洗了3颗吃掉了，甜度值爆表！
syrup
Syrup is the thick, sweet liquid you pour on your blueberry pancakes. Maple syrup is just one of many deliciously sticky types of syrup.
Syrup is a sweetener that dissolves in a liquid more quickly and easily than sugar, so it's often used in beverages. Corn syrup sweetens many sodas, and you might pour a simple syrup (which is made by melting sugar in hot water and cooling it) into your iced tea.
n. 糖浆
你浇在蓝莓松饼上的粘稠度甜甜的液体就是syrup。枫糖浆是很多美味的syrup中的一种。
Syrup是比糖更容易溶解在液体中的甜味剂，所以经常被用在饮料中。很多碳酸饮料中都使用了玉米甜味剂，你也可能会往冰茶中添加简单的糖浆——用热水兑糖再冷却之后的。
好奇的我去研究了下maple syrup。
maple syrup（枫糖浆）是用sugar maple，通常是red maple或者balck maple等品种的枫树的xylem sap（木质部树液）熬出来的。
请看分解动作：）
如果想顺道记下来xylem sap的可以仔细看看图。
Sugar maple真的是美极了！很想种一棵！然后发现加州并不适合种它，因为它必须要在冬季得以休眠（生物休眠的单词叫dormancy），加州太温暖了。
geometry
Geometry is the part of mathematics that deals with calculating the distance around a circle, the angels that make up a triangle, or the amount of room inside a cube. If it involves measuring space, it's probably geometry.
The Greek roots of geometry literally mean "to measure earth," and over 5000 years ago farmers started using geometry to figure out how much land they owned. You study geometry in school, and you use it all the time, like calculating the best angle to cut a piece of wood for a birdhouse, or when playing a game of pool. Astronomers use geometry to measure planets millions of miles away -- much easier than finding a ruler that big.
n.几何学
几何学是数学的一部分，用来计算圆圈长度，三角形角度，或者圆柱体体积。与测量空间相关的学科，那就是几何学了。
它的希腊词根的字面意思就是“测量土地”，五千多年前农夫们就用几何学来测量他们有多少土地。我们在学校里学习几何学，并且总是会用到它，比如为建造一个鸟巢寻找最佳的木头切割角度，或者在玩台球的时候。天文学家使用几何学来测量几百万英里之外的星球——这个比找到这样长的一条尺子要容易得多。
exalt
You might like your manager, but if you exalt her, it means you really put her on a pedestal and treat her like royalty.
To exalt is to hold or raise someone up to a high position or status. It doesn't have to mean literally putting that person into a high position, but instead treating them almost like nobility. Overly doting parents exalt their infant to the point where they praise him every time he wets his diaper and call the neighbors over every time he coos.
子曰：“人能弘道，非道弘人”。
vt. vi. 提升，提拔，赞扬，使得意
你可能喜欢你的经理，但如果你exalt她，这意味着你把她放到了一个很尊贵的位置上。
To exalt是把某人放到很高的位置，这个并不是说你真的把某人放到一个很高的职位，而是说很尊贵地对待他。溺爱孩子的父母会在小婴儿每次尿到尿不湿上的时候都表扬他，并且每次他咿咿呀呀的时候都要把邻居喊过来。。。
fungus
Is there a fungus among us? A fungus is a simple organism that's not an animal or a plant. A delicious mushroom is one kind of fungus, while another type of fungus causes nasty infections.
The plural of fungus in fungi, so when you order a pizza you can request it "with extra fungi" if you like. Mold, yeast, and mildew are all types of fungi, and there are plenty of edible fungi as well, including truffles and portobello mushrooms. While a fungus may look like a plant, it doesn't go through photosynthesis like plants do and it reproduces through spores.
n. 真菌，霉菌，菌类
Fungus在我们生活中出现吗？Fungus是一种单细胞生物，区别于动物和植物。鲜美的蘑菇就是fungus的一种，同时也有其他类型的fungus可以引发严重的感染。
Fungus的复数形式是fungi，所以我们点披萨的时候可以要求说，多给我点蘑菇。
mold
绿色的
yeast，是酵母
mildew
看到这张图时笑死我了。
Mold and mildew are types of fungi. Typically, mold is black or green, and mildew is gray or white. Mold tends to grow on food, whereas mildew is an issue on damp surfaces, like bathroom walls, basement walls, or fabrics.
就是说，mold和mildew都是菌类。典型的mold一般是黑色或者绿色的，mildew一般是灰色或者白色的。Mold一般长在食物上，mildew一般长在潮湿的物体表面上，像洗手间墙上，地下室墙上，或者织物上。
植物的叶子上的那种白色病变，叫powdery mildew。
pertinent
Something pertinent is relevant and on-point. If you give your best friend pertinent advice, that means the advice is appropriate for the situation.
Something pertinent is related to the current topic or situation -- and probably helpful too. If you're in math class and you make a comment about World War I, that's likely not pertinent. If you're in music class and you talk about a cello, that probably is pertinent. Pertinent things are appropriate and logical. In most situations, people like to get comments and questions that are pertinent -- anything else can just seem like a distraction.
adj. 相关的，切题的
说什么东西是pertinent，就是说这个东西是相关的或者切题的。如果你给你的好朋友pertinent建议，那就是说你的建议对他目前的状况是合适的。
说什么东西pertinent，就是说它与当前的话题或者状况相关——并且有帮助。如果你在数学课上评论一战，那很可能就不是pertinent。如果你在音乐课上谈论大提琴，那很可能就是pertinent。Pertinent是相关的和有逻辑的东西。大多数情况下，人们喜欢得到pertinent的建议或者提问——反而言之，就很可能是分散注意力了。
cello是大提琴
husk
A husk is the fibrous covering of a seed or a fruit that's usually removed before you eat it. To make white rice, the husk is removed from the plant, leaving behind a smooth grain.
When you hear the word husk, you may think of the thick leaves that cover ear of corn. Any vegetable, legume, seed, or fruit with a protective covering has a husk, which is also called a hull or chaff. You can use this word as a verb, too:"Are you going to husk all that corn by yourself? It's almost time for dinner!" Some etymologists trace this word back to the Dutch huuskyn, "little house."
n. vt. vi. 皮，外壳，削皮，嗓音变得嘶哑
Husk是种子或者过时外面的那层皮。白色的大米是把husk去掉之后才得来的。
你听到husk这个词的时候，可能想到的是玉米穗外面的厚厚的皮。所有的有保护壳的蔬菜，豆荚类，种子，水果都有一个husk，也叫做hull或者chaff。你也可以把husk用作动词，比如，你是打算自己去掉所有玉米的外壳吗？都快到晚饭的时间了！
有些词源学家认为这个词可以追溯到荷兰语的huuskyn，小房子。
我特别爱吃的菇凉，原来叫husk cherry。
ear of corn
是玉米穗的意思
legume
Legume也是各种荚类植物的统称。
Legume和beans的区别是，legume可以分解为beans，lentils，peas和peanuts。
Peas是圆的，lentils是扁圆的，beans是椭圆的。
algebra
If the math equation you're doing has letters or other symbols that stand for numbers, you're likely doing algebra.
n. 代数学
如果你正在算的等式中包含一些代表数字的字母或者符号，那么你很可能就是在使用代数。
写完过了半夜了，但是这篇要算10月10日的。祝我自己睡个好觉。
