标签:前端开发 单元测试 jasmine
1. 什么是Jasmine
Jasmine is a behavior-driven development framework for testing JavaScript code. It does not depend on any other JavaScript frameworks. It does not require a DOM. And it has a clean, obvious syntax so that you can easily write tests.This guide is running against Jasmine version 2.4.1.
简而言之,Jasmine就是一个行动驱动开发模式的JS的单元测试工具。
Jasmine github主页
官网教程: 英文,简单明了,自带demo,强烈推荐学习
Jasmine下载: 里面有一个自带的例子,SpecRunner.html, 打开就知道jasmine的大致使用了。
2. 基本使用
跟Qunit差不错,首先要有一个模板接收测试结果。
当然也可以配合自动化工具,例如grunt,直接显示在控制台。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Jasmine v2.4.1</title>
<!-- jasmine运行需要的文件 -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="lib/jasmine-2.4.1/jasmine_favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/jasmine-2.4.1/jasmine.css">
<script src="lib/jasmine-2.4.1/jasmine.js"></script>
<script src="lib/jasmine-2.4.1/jasmine-html.js"></script>
<script src="lib/jasmine-2.4.1/boot.js"></script>
<!-- 要测试的代码 -->
<script src="src/SourceForTest.js"></script>
<!-- 测试用例 -->
<script src="spec/TestCases.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
测试用例如下
describe("A suite", function() {
it("contains spec with an expectation", function() {
expect(true).toBe(true);
expect(false).not.toBe(true);
//fail("test will fail if this code excute"); //可用于不想被执行的函数中
});
});
describe
定义一组测试,可嵌套;
it
定义其中一个测试;
注意:应该按BDD的模式来写describe与it的描述。
关于BDD可参考:说起BDD,你会想到什么?
expect()
的参数是需要测试的东西,toBe()
是一种断言,相当于===
,not
相当于取非。
jasmine还有更多的断言,并且支持自定义断言,详细可见官网教程。
3. SetUp与TearDown
在jasmine中用beforeEach
,afterEach
,beforeAll
,afterAll
来表示
describe("A spec using beforeEach and afterEach", function() {
var foo = 0;
beforeEach(function() {
foo += 1;
});
afterEach(function() {
foo = 0;
});
it("is just a function, so it can contain any code", function() {
expect(foo).toEqual(1);
});
it("can have more than one expectation", function() {
expect(foo).toEqual(1);
expect(true).toEqual(true);
});
});
4. 自定义断言(matcher)
beforeEach(function(){
jasmine.addMatchers({
toBeSomeThing: function(){ //定义断言的名字
return {
compare: function (actual, expected) { //compare是必须的
var foo = actual;
return {
pass: foo === expected || 'something' ,
message: "error message here" //断言为false时的信息
} //要返回一个带pass属性的对象,pass就是需要返回的布尔值
//negativeCompare: function(actual, expected){ ... } //自定义not.的用法
}
};
}
});
});
5. this的用法
每进行一个it
测试前,this
都会指向一个空的对象。可以利用这一点来共享变量,而不用担心变量被修改
describe("A spec", function() {
beforeEach(function() {
this.foo = 0;
});
it("can use the `this` to share state", function() {
expect(this.foo).toEqual(0);
this.bar = "test pollution?";
});
it("prevents test pollution by having an empty `this` created for the next spec", function() {
expect(this.foo).toEqual(0);
expect(this.bar).toBe(undefined); //true
});
});
6. 闲置测试
在describe
和it
前加一个x
,变成xdescribe
,xit
,就可以闲置该测试,这样运行时就不会自动测试,需要手动开始。
7. Spy
功能强大的函数监听器,可以监听函数的调用次数,传参等等,甚至可以伪造返回值,详细可参考官网教程
describe("A spy", function() {
var foo, bar = null;
beforeEach(function() {
foo = { setBar:function(value){bar = value;} };
spyOn(foo, 'setBar'); //关键,设定要监听的对象的方法
foo.setBar(123);
foo.setBar(456, 'another param');
});
it("tracks that the spy was called", function() {
expect(foo.setBar).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it("tracks that the spy was called x times", function() {
expect(foo.setBar).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
});
it("tracks all the arguments of its calls", function() {
expect(foo.setBar).toHaveBeenCalledWith(123);
expect(foo.setBar).toHaveBeenCalledWith(456, 'another param');
});
it("stops all execution on a function", function() {
expect(bar).toBeNull();
});
});
8. 创建spy
当没有函数需要监听时,也可以创建一个spy对象来方便测试。
describe("A spy, when created manually", function() {
var whatAmI;
beforeEach(function() {
whatAmI = jasmine.createSpy('whatAmI'); //创建spy对象,id='whatAmI'
whatAmI("I", "am", "a", "spy"); //可以当作函数一样传入参数
});
it("is named, which helps in error reporting", function() {
expect(whatAmI.and.identity()).toEqual('whatAmI');
});
it("tracks that the spy was called", function() {
expect(whatAmI).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it("tracks its number of calls", function() {
expect(whatAmI.calls.count()).toEqual(1);
});
it("tracks all the arguments of its calls", function() {
expect(whatAmI).toHaveBeenCalledWith("I", "am", "a", "spy");
});
it("allows access to the most recent call", function() {
expect(whatAmI.calls.mostRecent().args[0]).toEqual("I");
});
});
9. 定时任务测试
jasmine可以模仿js的定时任务setTimeOut
,setInterval
,并可以通过tick()
来控制时间,方便定时任务的测试
beforeEach(function() {
timerCallback = jasmine.createSpy("timerCallback");
jasmine.clock().install(); //关键
});
afterEach(function() {
jasmine.clock().uninstall(); //关键
});
it("causes a timeout to be called synchronously", function() {
setTimeout(function() {
timerCallback();
}, 100);
expect(timerCallback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
jasmine.clock().tick(101); //关键,控制时间进度
expect(timerCallback).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it("causes an interval to be called synchronously", function() {
setInterval(function() {
timerCallback();
}, 100);
expect(timerCallback).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
jasmine.clock().tick(101);
expect(timerCallback.calls.count()).toEqual(1);
jasmine.clock().tick(50);
expect(timerCallback.calls.count()).toEqual(1);
jasmine.clock().tick(50);
expect(timerCallback.calls.count()).toEqual(2);
});
10. 异步测试
传入done参数表示执行异步测试,在beforeEach
调用done()
表示测试的开始,再次调用done()
表示测试结束,否则测试不会结束
describe("Asynchronous specs", function() {
var value;
beforeEach(function(done) { //传入done参数表示执行异步测试
setTimeout(function() {
value = 0;
done();
}, 1);
});
it("should support async execution of test preparation and expectations", function(done) {
value++;
expect(value).toBeGreaterThan(0);
done();
});
describe("long asynchronous specs", function() {
beforeEach(function(done) {
done();
}, 1000); //beforeEach的第二个参数表示延迟执行?
it("takes a long time", function(done) {
setTimeout(function() {
done();
}, 9000);
}, 10000); //jasmine默认等待时间是5s,超出这个时间就认为fail,可以在it的第二个参数设置等待时
//jasmine.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_INTERVAL 可以设置全局的等待时间
afterEach(function(done) {
done();
}, 1000);
});
describe("A spec using done.fail", function() {
var foo = function(x, callBack1, callBack2) {
if (x) {
setTimeout(callBack1, 0);
} else {
setTimeout(callBack2, 0);
}
};
it("should not call the second callBack", function(done) {
foo(true,
done,
function() {
done.fail("Second callback has been called"); //可以用done.fail()来实现结束测试,但fail的情况
}
);
});
});
});
11. jasmine配合karma 与 grunt使用
用法就在jasmine搭在karma上实现自动化,再搭在grunt上实现与其他插件集成,方便管理。不过jasmine也可以直接搭在grunt上,所以我不太懂为什么要多个karma? anyway大家都在用,那么就学一下吧。
如果后面执行命令出错,试下换个控制台
karma文档
首先npm init
生成package.json
然后安装karma,去到相应的文件夹,命令行中输入
1 npm install -g karma-cli
只有这个全局安装
2 npm install karma --save-dev
3 npm install karma-chrome-launcher --save-dev
用什么浏览器就装什么
4 npm install karma-jasmine --save-dev
5 npm install jasmine-core --save-dev
上面那条命令装不了jasmine-core,这里补上
然后karma init
生成karma.conf.js,过程类似生成package.json,全部默认即可,然后手动更改。
module.exports = function(config) {
config.set({
// base path that will be used to resolve all patterns (eg. files, exclude)
basePath: '',
// frameworks to use
// available frameworks: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-adapter
frameworks: ['jasmine'],
// list of files / patterns to load in the browser
files: [
'*.js'
],
// list of files to exclude
exclude: [
'karma.conf.js',
'gruntfile.js'
],
// preprocess matching files before serving them to the browser
// available preprocessors: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-preprocessor
preprocessors: {
'src.js':'coverage' //预处理,检查测试覆盖率
},
// test results reporter to use
// possible values: 'dots', 'progress'
// available reporters: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-reporter
reporters: ['progress', 'coverage'],
coverageReporter:{ //用于检查测试的覆盖率,生成的报告在./coverage/index.html中
type:'html',
dir:'coverage',
},
// web server port
port: 9876,
// enable / disable colors in the output (reporters and logs)
colors: true,
// level of logging
// possible values: config.LOG_DISABLE || config.LOG_ERROR || config.LOG_WARN || config.LOG_INFO || config.LOG_DEBUG
logLevel: config.LOG_ERROR,
// enable / disable watching file and executing tests whenever any file changes
autoWatch: true,
// start these browsers
// available browser launchers: https://npmjs.org/browse/keyword/karma-launcher
browsers: ['Firefox'],
// Continuous Integration mode
// if true, Karma captures browsers, runs the tests and exits
singleRun: false,
// Concurrency level
// how many browser should be started simultaneous
concurrency: Infinity,
captureTimeout: 5000, //连接浏览器的超时
})
}
karma start karma.conf.js
就可以自动运行测试了,并且检测文件的变化。
注意:如果浏览器不是默认安装的路径需要设置路径到环境变量.
cmd: set FIREFOX_BIN = d:\your\path\firefox.exe
$ export CHROME_BIN = d:\your\path\chrome.exe
好像只在当前控制台窗口生效
可以参考该文 Karma和Jasmine自动化单元测试
然后就是搭在grunt上
npm install grunt
npm install grunt-karma
npm install grunt-contrib-watch
配置gruntfile.js
module.exports = function(grunt){
grunt.initConfig({
pkg:grunt.file.readJSON('package.json'),
karma:{
unit:{
configFile:'karma.conf.js',
//下面覆盖karma.conf.js的设置
background: true, //后台运行
singleRun: false, //持续运行
}
},
watch:{
karma:{
files:['*.js'],
tasks:['karma:unit:run']
}
}
});
grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-karma');
grunt.loadNpmTasks("grunt-contrib-watch");
grunt.registerTask('default',['karma','watch']);
}
命令行直接输入grunt
就可以弹出浏览器自动监听和测试了,
不知道为什么第一次运行时不能测试,要修改了源码才会开始测试。
更多可看见grunt-kamra官方文档
结语
搬运了官网的教程,有很多地方没说清楚,jasmine还有更多更强大的功能,详细还是要参考官网教程