英國廣播公司電視紀錄片《猿與人》（ape-man）目錄
第5集 遷徙（Exodus）
現代智人與在非洲發現的古代頭蓋骨相比，與在世界各地發現的尼安德特人或其他原始人類相比，發現它們之間有更多相似之處——我們的直系祖先都是非洲人。我們共同分享普通的東西，比分割我們作為一個物種更重要。南部非洲考古發掘的骨骼、工具、貝殼和紅色礦物質，揭示了這些遠古祖先的日常生活，他們朝海灘走去。由於缺乏資源，人類需要遷徙，海岸是征服非洲大陸的必經之路，然後走出非洲去探索世界。
在非洲南部海岸的兩個考古遺址發現了骨骼、工具和人工制品，這幫助科學家們計算出，在大約15萬年前首次出現在非洲的現代人類物種（智人）與現代人是無法區分的。這一集解釋了為什麼這些早期的非洲海灘居民離開他們的家園去開拓其他大陸。
20萬年前類似人的生物的大腦和身體都進化得和我們差不多了，然而，這些生物並不是我們，我們自己的種類智人還沒有出現。
人類進化的研究是科學上最具爭議的領域之一，考古學家們為了證明我們自己的種類出現的時間，把新發現的化石匯集到一起，科學家們召開重要的會議，討論所面對的最重要的問題之一。在什麼地方，什麼時候人類第一次行走在地球上？我們的路程是怎樣開始的？
南非斯斯卡馬海岸
非洲南端克拉西斯河口某個洞穴
南非斯泰倫博斯大學希拉裏·迪肯教授
在非洲的最南端距開普敦200英裏克拉西斯河口某個洞穴，希拉裏·迪肯教授：“這是一個與我們類似的人，不同於在我們之前非洲的各種古代人。”它們很明顯是像我們一樣的人的遺骸，然而他們也很古老至少有4萬年。但是4萬年以前現代人不一定生活在非洲，科學家們確信他們生活在那個時期的人類僅有的成員已經在幾千英裏之外今天叫做法國的地方進化了。
國家曆史博物館克裏斯·斯特林格教授
自從150年前在法國的洞穴中發現現代人的遺骸，就假定了人類已經在歐洲進化，但是英國人類學家克裏斯並不這麼認為，“我在歐洲看到的尼安德特人化石，都與早期現代人有更大的差異，而不是與他們更相像。當然這並不像人們相信的那樣，尼安德特人是早期現代人的祖先。”克裏斯發現沒有確鑿的證據顯示人類是如何從尼安德特人進化而來的。
巴黎人類博物館
來自非洲摩洛哥某個地方的頭蓋骨化石，這個化石號稱是非洲尼安德特人的，但是，至少在臉部它似乎比任何尼安德特人，更有可能是現代人的祖先。盡管沒有人把非洲看作是現在人起源的地方，化石開始暗示非洲可能也確實是現代人的家園。
人類可能最早出現在非洲的看法很難證實，希拉裏·迪肯教授：“我們手頭有一些早期的資料，關於鑒定這個洞穴開始住人確切的年代，這些資料來自於低級的貝殼。”在克拉西斯的貝殼上進行測試的經過出人意料，貝殼化石是12萬年前。希拉裏·迪肯教授：“我們現在相當堅定地證實，這些沉積物所在的範圍在120萬年至9萬年之間，我們能夠把這些有非常確定的時間範圍的人類遺骸歸為一類。”9萬年，克拉西斯化石比歐洲或其他地方任何類似人類遺骸至少早了5萬年。
美國賓夕法尼亞州立大學莎拉·蒂什科夫教授
科學家們將遺傳研究開始轉到人類的起源方面，從世界不同地區取血樣，尋找非洲、歐洲和亞洲的人在基因上的變異。這些在我們基因組成中細微的變異，經過了幾千代才逐步形成，莎拉·蒂什科夫教授：“我們在非洲發現了199種，在歐洲發現了98種，在亞洲發現了73種變異體，所以，我們看到在非洲有更多的變化，說明亞洲人和歐洲人沒有足夠的時間去積累這種變化，而非洲人卻有更多的時間，這種情況暗示他們是人類的祖先。這項工作的結論是世界各地的人，不管他們是非洲人，還是其他地方人的後代，都源自於一個共同的人類祖先，他們生活在大約15萬年前的非洲”。
美國國家曆史博物館紐約
南非布隆博斯
紐約州立大學斯托尼布魯克分校克裏斯·亨士伍德博士
在非洲同一片海濱地區就在克拉西斯西部100英裏的地方，科學家們發現另一個洞穴，克裏斯·亨士伍德負責布隆博斯岩洞項目組找到了幾千萬年前人類居住過的證據，記錄著從今天到10萬年以前人類剛剛出現的時候在這個洞穴居住的情況。他們發現大量的古代藝術品。克裏斯·亨士伍德博士“他告訴我肯定有一個明確的想法，他們知道他們想要制作什麼，這是認知思維，高級思維。”收集貝殼類動物在行為上標志著一個顯著的變化，對考古學家來說，它表明這些人們開始以不同的方式思考他們的世界。
開普頓大學朱迪斯·西利教授
“貝殼類動物的有趣不僅因為它們是海濱地區居民主要食物，而且因為我們認為利用它們做誘餌抓捕其他海洋生物。10萬年前人們能夠捕魚，它們確實能夠把魚作為可能的食物來源。”像這樣樣的捕魚不只說明了生存能力，亨士伍德博士：“它告訴我們這些人能夠提前考慮和提前計劃，在一起進行需要那個群體中很多人合作的活動，然後完成這個工作。”
亨士伍德博士：“人們把紅色赭石看的很重要，所以他們把它自習地收藏起來，我能夠取出收藏在這裏有10萬年以前的幾片赭石，我認為赭石對這些人來說是多麼的重要。”布隆博斯人明顯的珍視赭石，用它來裝飾骨制工具和石頭藝術品，也用來裝飾他們的身體。但是他們真的像我們一樣思考嗎？
亨士伍德博士：“在這塊石頭上他們有意形成一個鑽石型網絡狀的圖案，這一點很重要，有意為之。我認為他們在嘗試創作某種象征性的東西。這是最早的證據表明可能有創作稱之為藝術的企圖。”10萬年前沿非洲海岸而居的人，遠比人類家族的早期成員思維複雜，他們捕魚，在爐子上烹飪食物，打扮自己和他們的藝術品，他們以一種象征的方式思考問題，他們是完全的現代人，就是我們。
然後研究者分析了現代人之間的基因變異，對我們遙遠的起源做出進一步的發現。朱迪斯·西利教授：“通過比較非洲以外和我們正在觀察的非洲人的基因差異，我們能夠估計到在現代人的早期曆史上，在非洲的人口中有一個分支，在那之後大約10萬年前的某個時間，有過一次隸屬於非洲人口的小部分的遷徙，走出非洲散布到地球的其他部分。”
人類第一次進化成後，某些我們的祖先很快開始從非洲遷移出來到世界其他地方，現代人在6萬年前來到澳大利亞這個四面是海的大陸，比以前人們認為的要早得多。科學家們開始尋找動機，為什麼我們的祖先開始遷移這麼快？離他們進化的地方這麼遠？是什麼驅使他們這麼做？
英國劍橋大學
劍橋大學馬爾塔·拉爾教授
“在史前史裏我們知道絕大多數人是狩獵者和收集者、搶劫者，狩獵和收集的生活方式是相當好的生活方式，但它不是你能絕對依賴的方式，然而在類似克拉西斯河口和布隆博斯的洞穴中，我們利用沿海資源並且遷移到沿海，是因為那兒的潛在食物來源。”對我們在海濱地區生活的祖先來說，世界就是一條長長的海岸，他們一代又一代地沿著它遷移。海濱地區的遷移允許我們的祖先沿著一個他們所不了解的世界不斷遷移。
英國自然曆史博物館著名人類起源專家克裏斯·斯特林格教授
“沿海路線的有趣之處在於在一個狹窄的沿海地區，如果人們適應這個地區，那麼他們都會在適應走全部的路之前，從非洲穿過亞洲南部都朝著澳大利亞進發，或多或少會呆在已經熟悉的一個地區。但是我們得記住他們不是為了知識，或是黃金或是榮譽而遠征，他們這麼做只是為了生存。”
在這次偉大的旅程中，科學家們相信人類開始獲取重要的新技藝。馬爾塔·拉爾教授：“到了最初的現代人出現的時期，他們都有我們所具有的發明潛力，我認為實際上就是發明使他們變得現代，他們能夠發明新問題的解決之道。所以一旦處在沿海地區，一旦他們設法控制這些資源，從那裏到小船、從那裏到較大的船、從那裏到網、從那裏到魚叉，只有一步之遙。”
埃及塔拉姆薩山
不是所有的現代人采用沿海路線走出非洲，大陸北部有他們出現在更遠的內地的蹤跡。現代人尋找制作石頭工具原材料的一塊石頭地，斯特林格教：“這個地方是采石場，人們來到這裏制作石頭工具，比利時考古學家在這個地方發現一具人類的骨架。”在這些岩石中間發現的骨架是6萬年前的，這個采石場的意義在於它靠近另一條走出非洲的天然通道，尼羅河。斯特林格教：“人類在石器時代生活在河流的兩岸，在各個方向上跟隨河流進入非洲東北部和中東。”在那個時代移居者也繼續前進，圍繞著地中海進一步往北進入歐洲，逐漸地散落在世界各地。
Episode 5 / Exodus
Modern Homo sapiens have more in common with ancient skulls found in Africa than they do with the Neanderthals or other hominids found around the world - our immediate ancestors were all African. What we share in common is more important than what divides us as a species.Bones, tools, shells and red-coloured minerals from archaeological excavations in southern Africa reveal the daily lives of those remote ancestors, and that they headed for the beach. Human populations needed to migrate due to lack of resources and the coast was a route to conquer a continent, then move out of Africa to explore the world.（文字来源：BBC TWO Ape-Man）
The discovery of bones, tools and artefacts at two archaeological sites on Africa's southern coast have helped scientists to calculate that people indistinguishable from the modern human species (homo sapiens) first appeared in Africa about 150,000 years ago. This programme explains why these early African beach-dwellers left their homeland to colonize other continents.
The brains and bodies of human-like creatures have evolved nearly as much as we did 200, 000 years ago, but these creatures are not us, and our own species of homo sapiens has not yet appeared.
Study of human evolution is one of the most controversial areas of science, archaeologists to prove our own species in time, the newly discovered fossils collected together, scientists have an important meeting, discuss the one of the most important problem facing. Where and when did humans first walk on earth? How did our journey begin?
The tsitsikamma coast, South africa
Prdf Hilary Deacon, University of stellenbosch, south africa
At the southern tip of Africa is 200 miles from Cape Town carat sith mouth of a cave, professor Hillary deacon: "this is a similar one with us, is different
from before us all kinds of ancient people in Africa." They are obviously the remains of people like us, but they are also very old for at least 40,000 years. But modern people does not necessarily live in Africa 40000 years ago, scientists are confident that they are living in the period of the members of the human only has evolution where thousands of miles away called France today.
Prof Chris Stringer, Natural History Museum
Found in caves in France since 150 years ago the remains of homo sapiens, assume that humans have evolved in Europe, but the British anthropologist Chris doesn't think so, "The Neanderthal fossils I saw in Europe were much more different from early modern humans than they were. Of course, it's not as if neanderthals were the ancestors of early modern humans." Chris found no conclusive evidence of how humans evolved from neanderthals.
Musee de L'homme, Paris
Somewhere from Africa, Morocco's skull fossils, claims to be the fossils of neanderthals in Africa, but at least it seems to be the face than any of the neanderthals, is more likely to be the ancestor of modern humans. Although no one sees Africa as the place where people are now, fossils are beginning to suggest that Africa may indeed be home to modern humans.
Humans may view first appeared in Africa is difficult to prove, professor Hillary deacon: "we have some early information about identification of the caves began the exact s living people, the data from the lower shell." Tests on the shells of cleses were unexpected, with shells of shells 120,000 years old. Professor Hillary deacon: "we are now quite firmly confirmed that the deposits in the range between 1.2 million to 90000, we can take these very sure the time range of human remains." In 90, 000 years, the remains of the clasions are at least 50,000 years older than any other human remains in Europe or anywhere else.
Prof Sarah Tishkoff, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Scientists have begun to shift genetic research to the origins of humans, taking blood samples from different parts of the world and looking for genetic variations in people in Africa, Europe and Asia. These subtle variations in our genetic makeup, which have evolved over thousands of generations, Professor Sarah tishkoff: "We found 199 in Africa, in Europe discovered 98 kinds, discovered 73 kinds of variants in Asia, so, we see more change in Africa, that asians and europeans don't have enough time to accumulate these changes, the African people have more time, this kind of circumstance suggests that they are human ancestors. The work to the conclusion that people around the world, no matter they are africans, the offspring of other places or people, comes from a common human ancestors, they live in Africa about 150000 years ago."
American Museum of National History, New York
Blombos, South Africa
Dr. Christopher Henshilwood, State University of New York, Stony Brook
In Africa with a beachfront in carat 100 miles west of sith, scientists have found another cave, Chris heng and wood is responsible for the bloomberg Bosch cave project team found evidence of tens of millions of years ago, humans lived, recording the from today to 100000 years ago human has just appeared in this cave. They found a great deal of ancient art. Dr. Christopher Henshilwood, "he told me that there must be a clear idea that they know what they want to make, that is cognitive thinking, advanced thinking." Collecting shellfish marks a significant change in behavior, and for archaeologists it shows that these people are beginning to think differently about their world.
Prof Judith Sealy, University Of Cape Town
"Seashells are interesting not only because they are the main food for coastal communities, but also because we think they are used as bait to capture other Marine life. When people were able to fish 100,000 years ago, they were able to use fish as a possible source of food. Like this all not only illustrates the viability of fishing, heng and Dr. Henshilwood: "it tells us that these people can think ahead and plan ahead, together to need a lot of people in the group cooperation activity, then finish the job."
Dr. Henshilwood: "people see red ochre is important, so their self-study to collect it, I was able to remove the collection before there are 100000 pieces of ocher, I think the ochre how important it is for these people." The blombos clearly value ochre and use it to decorate bone tools and stone art, as well as to decorate their bodies. But do they really think like us?
Dr Henshilwood: "it is important that they are interested in forming a diamond-like pattern on this rock. I think they're trying to create something symbolic. This is the earliest evidence that there may be an attempt to create something called art. Frontier in the coast of Africa in 100000, is far more complicated than the early members of the human family thinking, their fishing, cooking on the stove and themselves and their works of art, they in a symbolic way of thinking, they are completely of modern people, is us.
The researchers then analyzed the genetic variation among modern humans and made further discoveries about our distant origins. Professor Judith Sealy: "by comparing the outside Africa and africans we are observing the genetic difference, we can estimate that in early modern history, has a branch in the population of Africa, sometime after that about 100000 years ago, there was a belonging to a small portion of Africa's population migration, spread to other parts of the earth out of Africa."
After humans first evolved, some of our ancestors soon began to migrate out from Africa to other parts of the world, the modern people came to Australia in the 60000 years ago the continent is the sea all around, much earlier than previously thought. Scientists are beginning to look for motivation. Why did our ancestors migrate so quickly? So far from where they evolved? What drives them to do this?
University of Cambridge, Britain
Prof Marta Lahr, University of Cambridge
"In prehistory, we know that the vast majority of people are hunters and gatherers, robber, hunting and gathering way of life is quite a good way of life, but it is not a way you can depend upon with absolute certainty, but in similar carat sith estuaries and bloom of the cave, we use of coastal resources and migrated to coastal, because of the potential source of food there." The world was a long shore for our ancestors who lived on the coast, and they moved from generation to generation. The migration of the coastal areas allowed our ancestors to move along a world they did not understand.
Prof Chris Stringer, Natural History Museum
"Coastal line of interesting in a narrow coastal areas, if people adapt to the region, so before they will adapt to go all the way, from southern Africa across Asia are in Australia, more or less will stay in a region already familiar with. But we have to remember that they didn't go on expeditions for knowledge, or gold, or honor. They did it just to survive."
On this great journey, scientists believe that mankind is beginning to acquire important new skills. Marta, professor: "the first in modern times, they all have what we have with the invention of the potential, I think, in fact, is to make them become modern invention, they will be able to invent new solution of the problem. So once in coastal areas, once they try to control these resources, from there to the boat, and from there to larger ships, and from there to the net, from there to the harpoon, only one step away."
Taramsa Hill, Egypt
Not all modern humans have taken the coastal route out of Africa, and in the north of the continent they have been found farther inland. Modern people find make stone tools of raw materials, a stone stringer taught: "this place is a quarry, people came to make stone tools, Belgian archaeologists found a human skeleton in this place." The skeleton found in the middle of these rocks was 60, 000 years ago, and the significance of this quarry is that it is close to another natural pathway out of Africa, the Nile. Stringer taught: "humans lived on both sides of the river in the Stone Age and followed the rivers in all directions into northeast Africa and the Middle East." The settlers also moved on, moving further north into Europe around the Mediterranean, gradually scattering around the world.
文字：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 制作
視頻：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 紀錄片數據庫BBC-5號
翻譯：趙永安
