kSum 泛指一类问题,例如 leetcode 第1题 2 Sum,leetcode 第15题 3 Sum,leetcode 第18题 4 Sum。
我们先一题一题来看,然后总结出这一类题目的解题套路。
2Sum(leetcode 第1题)
问题
Given an array of integers, return indices of the two numbers such that they add up to a specific target.
You may assume that each input would have exactly one solution, and you may not use the same element twice.
Example:
Given nums = [2, 7, 11, 15], target = 9,
Because nums[0] + nums[1] = 2 + 7 = 9,
return [0, 1].
两层for循环解法(O(N^2))
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
int[] res = new int[2];
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < nums.length; j++) {
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
res[0] = i;
res[1] = j;
return res;
}
}
}
return res;
}
时间复杂度:O(N^2)
这种解法最简单直观,但是效率也是最低的。如果提交的话无法通过所有 test case,肯定会超时。
排序+two pointers(O(NlogN))
先排序,然后再使用 two pointers:
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
Arrays.sort(nums);
int i = 0, j = nums.length - 1;
int[] res = new int[2];
while (i < j) {
if (nums[i] + nums[j] == target) {
res[0] = i;
res[1] = j;
break;
} else if (nums[i] + nums[j] < target) {
i++;
} else {
j--;
}
}
return res;
}
时间复杂度:O(Nlog(N)) + O(N),最后复杂度为O(Nlog(N))
HashMap一遍遍历(O(N))
public int[] twoSum(int[] nums, int target) {
Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
map.put(nums[i], i);
}
int j = 0, k = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
int left = target - nums[i];
if (map.containsKey(left) && i != map.get(left)) {
j = i;
k = map.get(left);
break;
}
}
int[] res = new int[2];
res[0] = j;
res[1] = k;
return res;
}
时间复杂度:O(N)
3Sum(leetcode 第5题)
问题
Given an array nums of n integers, are there elements a, b, c in nums such that a + b + c = 0? Find all unique triplets in the array which gives the sum of zero.
Note:
The solution set must not contain duplicate triplets.
Example:
Given array nums = [-1, 0, 1, 2, -1, -4],
A solution set is:
[
[-1, 0, 1],
[-1, -1, 2]
]
排序+ two pointers
3Sum 和 2Sum 类似,前面介绍的 2Sum 的前两种解法对 3Sum一样有效。第一种解法通过三层 for 循环肯定会超时。因此我们还是先排序,然后再用 two pointers 来解题:
public List<List<Integer>> threeSum(int[] nums) {
if (nums == null || nums.length < 3) {
return new ArrayList<>();
}
List<List<Integer>> ret = new ArrayList<>();
Arrays.sort(nums);
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length - 2; i++) {
int num = nums[i];
if (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1]) {
continue;
}
bSearch(nums, i + 1, nums.length - 1, -num, ret, i);
}
return ret;
}
private void bSearch(int[] nums, int start, int end, int targetTotal, List<List<Integer>> ret, int index) {
int i = start, j = end;
while (i < j) {
if (targetTotal == nums[i] + nums[j]) {
List<Integer> oneShot = new ArrayList<>();
oneShot.add(nums[index]);
oneShot.add(nums[i]);
oneShot.add(nums[j]);
ret.add(oneShot);
// 题目要求结果返回的 triple 都是唯一的,因此这里需要跳过前后相同的元素
while (i < j && nums[i] == nums[i + 1]) {
i++;
}
while (i < j && nums[j] == nums[j - 1]) {
j--;
}
i++;
j--;
} else if (nums[i] + nums[j] > targetTotal) {
j--;
} else {
i++;
}
}
}
时间复杂度:O(NlogN) + O(N2),最终复杂度为O(N2)
4Sum(leetcode 第18题)
问题
Given an array nums of n integers and an integer target, are there elements a, b, c, and d in nums such that a + b + c + d = target? Find all unique quadruplets in the array which gives the sum of target.
Note:
The solution set must not contain duplicate quadruplets.
Example:
Given array nums = [1, 0, -1, 0, -2, 2], and target = 0.
A solution set is:
[
[-1, 0, 0, 1],
[-2, -1, 1, 2],
[-2, 0, 0, 2]
]
分析
在解 3Sum 题的时候我们先固定了一个数num,然后再在剩余的数组元素中利用 two pointers 方法寻找和为 target - num的两个数。
归纳分析,我们可以将 kSum 一类的问题的解法分为两个步骤:
- 将 kSum 问题转换成 2Sum 问题
- 解决 2Sum 问题
给出 kSum 一类问题的一般解法如下:
/**
* All kSum problem can be divided to two parts:
* 1: convert kSum to 2Sum problem;
* 2: solve the 2Sum problem;
*
* @param k
* @param index
* @param nums
* @param target
* @return
*/
private List<List<Integer>> kSum(int k, int index, int[] nums, int target) {
List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
int len = nums.length;
if (k == 2) {
// 使用 two pointers 解决 2Sum 问题
int left = index, right = len - 1;
while (left < right) {
int sum = nums[left] + nums[right];
if (sum == target) {
List<Integer> path = new ArrayList<>();
path.add(nums[left]);
path.add(nums[right]);
res.add(path);
// skip the duplicates
while (left < right && nums[left] == nums[left + 1]) {
left++;
}
while (left < right && nums[right] == nums[right - 1]) {
right--;
}
left++;
right--;
} else if (sum > target) {
right--;
} else {
left++;
}
}
} else {
// 将 kSum 问题转换为 2Sum 问题
for (int i = index; i < len - k + 1; i++) {
// 跳过重复的元素
if (i > index && nums[i] == nums[i - 1]) {
continue;
}
// 固定一个元素,然后递归
List<List<Integer>> kSubtractOneSum = kSum(k - 1, i + 1, nums, target - nums[i]);
if (kSubtractOneSum != null) {
for (List<Integer> path : kSubtractOneSum) {
path.add(0, nums[i]); // 将固定的元素加入路径中
}
res.addAll(kSubtractOneSum);
}
}
}
return res;
}
解决了 kSum问题之后,4Sum 问题的解法就很简单了:
public List<List<Integer>> fourSum(int[] nums, int target) {
if (nums == null || nums.length < 4) {
return new ArrayList<>();
}
Arrays.sort(nums);
return kSum(4, 0, nums, target);
}
时间复杂度:O(N^3)。