在学英语之初,我们往往已经开始广泛接触this,that等指示代词了,因为在许多的表达里,都会用到指示代词。this,that的复数形式为these和those,其中this,these为“近指”指示代词,与here对应;that和those为“远指”指示代词,与there对应。比如:
This is a ball and that's an egg. 这是一个球,那是个鸡蛋。
These are boys and those are girls. 这些是男孩,那些是女孩。
此外,指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境。如:
I liked this film today better than that concert last night.我喜欢今天的这个电影,胜过昨晚的那个音乐会。
为避免重复,可用 that 或 those 来代替前面已提到过的人或事物;用 this 或 these 来代替下文中将要提过的人或事物。如:
She's very friendly, and that is why we all love her. 她很友善,这就是我们都喜欢她的原因。
You needn't do this .It's pretty easy. 你不必做这事,那相当容易。
this,that,these,those一般与名词连用,如this boy、that girl、these students、those students、these flowers、those trees等等。
根据功能,指示代词又可分为纯指示代词和形容词性指示代词,前者可单独使用,而后者经常搭配一个名词或one。如:
I don't like this.我不喜欢这个。(纯指示代词,直接作like的宾语)
This dress is very beautiful.这裙子很漂亮。(形容词性指示代词+名词)
I don't like this one .我不喜欢这一个。(形容词性指示代词+one,这种情况通常要有上下文说明one的意思)
通常来说,单独用指示代词时,不指人而指物;但在Who……?问句中,可以指人。如:
I found this bag.I found this.我发现了这个包。我发现了这个。(指物)
Is she going to marry that man?她打算跟那人结婚吗?(that man不得用that代替)
What's this/that?What are these/those?这/那是什么?这些/那些是什么?(指物)
Who's this?Who's that?这是谁?那是谁?(在Who……?问句中,指人)
注意:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时,只能指物不能指人,例如:
That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定语)
I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能。在作先行词时,只有those可指人(当然也可指物),如:
He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
当我们回答指示代词作主语的特殊问句时,如果指示代词指人,其回答中的主语仍可以用相应的指示代词,也可以用it或者they;但指事物时,只能用it或者they。 如:
Who's that? That's/It's Leo.那是谁?那是Leo。
What are those? They are baseballs. 那些是什么?那些是棒球。
但在回答指示代词作主语的一般疑问句时,不管指示代词指人还是物,答语中都用it或they,如:
Is this a ruler? Yes, it is.
Are those your friends? No, they aren't.
向别人介绍某个人时,要说" This is ….",而不说" That is ….",也不能说" He is …."或" She is …."。介绍两个人时,先用" This is …."介绍一个人,然后用" That is …."介绍另一个人。如:
This is Li Ming. Li Ming,this is Wei Hua. 这是李明。李明,这是魏华。
This is my brother,and that is my sister. 这是我哥哥,那是我妹妹。
打电话时,介绍自己通常用this指代"我",不用代词I;询问对方时用that指"你",不用代词you,如:
----Hello. This is Mary. Who's that? 喂,我是玛丽。你是谁?----This is Tom. 我是汤姆。
最后,当指示代词所指的事物已确定时,后面的指示代词用it或they代替,如:
This (suit) is expensive, isn't it? 这套衣服很贵,不是吗?
Are those yours?——Yes, they are.那些是你的吗?——是的,它们是(我的)。
关于指示代词this/that的延伸知识,今天就说到这里啦。欢迎大家一起来交流。