Infectious Diseases 2

Now, a century later, we have flu vaccines that have reduced the severity of epidemics.

ps: 一个世纪后的今天，我们有了流感疫苗，降低了流行病的严重程度。

flu流行性感冒; 流感

vaccines疫苗; 菌苗; vaccine的复数

reduced减少，缩小; 蒸发; 减轻体重; 节食; reduce的过去分词和过去式

severity严重; 严厉; 严肃; 苛刻

epidemics流行病; 泛滥，蔓延; epidemic的复数

These vaccines need to be updated every year because the virus changes and new strains emerge.

ps: 这些疫苗每年都需要更新，因为病毒会发生变化，新的毒株会出现。

vaccines疫苗; 菌苗; vaccine的复数

updated使现代化; 更新; 向…提供最新信息; 给…增加最新信息; update的过去分词和过去式

every year每一年; 年年

because因为

virus病毒; 滤过性病毒; 病毒性疾病; 病毒病

changes改变; 变化; 使不同; 变换，改换，变成; 变更; 变革; 替代; 更换; 替代物; change的第三人称单数和复数

emerge出现，浮现，露出; 暴露; 露出真相; 被知晓; 露

What researchers fear is that a new strain of the virus will develop and cause another pandemic.

ps: 研究人员担心的是，一种新的病毒株会发展并导致另一场大流行。

researchers研究员; 科研工作者; researcher的复数

fear害怕; 惧怕; 担忧; 畏惧; 担心; 恐怕

virus病毒; 滤过性病毒; 病毒性疾病; 病毒病

develop成长，发展，壮大; 开发; 研制; 患; 出现; 开始侵袭; 开始影响

cause原因; 起因; 理由; 动机; 缘故; 事业，目标，思想; 使发生; 造成; 引起; 导致

another又一; 再一; 另一; 不同的; 类似的

pandemic流行病; 大流行病; 大流行的; 普遍的，全世界的

Once an outbreak occurs, transmission of the disease will be even faster than before.

ps: 一旦爆发，这种疾病的传播速度将比以前更快。

outbreak爆发，突然发生; 爆发

occurs发生; 出现; 存在于; 出现在; occur的第三人称单数

transmission传送; 传递; 传达; 传播; 传染; 播送，发射，发送，传输; 信息，广播

disease病; 疾病; 弊端; 恶疾; 痼疾

An unintended consequence of our improved transportation system will be the speed at which an epidemic can spread.

ps:我们改进交通系统的一个意外后果是流行病的传播速度。

improved改进; 改善; improve的过去分词和过去式

epidemic流行病; 泛滥，蔓延; 流行性的; 极为盛行的

spread展开; 打开; 摊开; 使散开; 张开; 伸开; 传播;

Experts predict that the public health systems will be overwhelmed and unable to react quickly enough.

ps: 专家预测，公共卫生系统将不堪重负，无法迅速作出反应。

Experts专家; 行家; 能手; expert的第三人称单数和复数

predict预言; 预告; 预报

public health公共卫生；公共卫生设施

overwhelmed充溢，难以禁受; 压倒; 击败; 征服; 压垮; 使应接不暇; overwhelm的过去分词和过去式

react起反应; 作出反应; 回应; 有不良反应，过敏; 起化

Questions:

1. Why do vaccines need to be updated every year?

 The viruses change.

2.what has reduced the severity of epidemics?

vaccines.

3. What is an unintended consequence of improved transportation system?

 It allows epidemics to spread more quickly.

So the best defense will be to prevent an outbreak from occurring.

ps: 所以最好的防御措施是防止爆发。

defense防卫，防护；防御措施；防守; 谋划抵御

will谈及将来; 愿，要，会，定要; 烦劳别人做事时用; 想要; 希望; 愿意; 喜欢; 立定志向; 决心; 决意; 立遗嘱将赠与; 立遗嘱赠与; 意志; 毅力; 自制力; 意愿; 心愿; 遗嘱

prevent阻止; 阻碍; 阻挠

outbreak爆发，突然发生; 爆发

occurring发生; 出现; 存在于; 出现在; occur的现在分词

This will require global cooperation and the sharing of data.

ps: 这将需要全球合作和数据共享

require需要; 依靠; 依赖; 使做; 使拥有; 规定

global全球的; 全世界的; 整体的; 全面的; 总括的

cooperation合作; 协作; 协助; 配合

sharing共有; 合用; 分配; 分摊; 分享; 共享; share的现在分词

data数据; 资料; 材料; 数据资料; datum的复数

It may also require changes in how humans interact with animals.

ps: 这可能还需要改变人类与动物的互动方式。

require需要; 依靠; 依赖; 使做; 使拥有; 规定

changes改变; 变化; 使不同; 变换，改换，变成; 变更; 变革; 替代; 更换; 替代物; change的第三人称单数和复数

how怎样; 如何多少，多么，多大

humans人; human的复数

interact with与…相互作用

animals兽; 牲畜; 动物; animal的复数

Animals such as birds and pigs carry viruses that may mutate into a strain that can infect humans.

ps: 鸟类和猪等动物携带的病毒可能变异成一种能感染人类的病毒株。

viruses病毒; 滤过性病毒; 病毒性疾病; 病毒病; virus的复数

mutate变异，突变; 转变; 转换

strain压力; 重负; 重压之下出现的问题; 拉力; 张力; 应力; 劳损; 拉伤; 扭伤; 损伤; 尽力; 竭力; 使劲; 过度使用; 使不堪承受

infect传染; 使感染; 使携带病菌

humans人; human的复数

Such a new strain could lead to another pandemic well before a new vaccine could be developed.

ps: 在研制新疫苗之前，这种新菌株可能会导致另一场大流行

lead to通向

another又一; 再一; 另一; 不同的; 类似的

pandemic流行病; 大流行病; 大流行的; 普遍的，全世界的

well好; 对; 令人满意地; 完全地; 彻底地; 全部地; 很; 相当; 大大地; 远远地; 健康; 身体好; 状态良好; 情况良好; 明智; 可取; 好主意; 哎呀，哟，啊，好啦; 唉，好吧; 嗯; 井; 水井; 楼梯井; 电梯井道; 律师席; 涌出; 冒出; 流出; 溢出; 涌起; 迸发

before在…以前; 在…面前; 在前面; 到…为止; 到…之前; 以免; 不然; 以前; 过去; 已经

vaccine疫苗; 菌苗

developed发达的; 高度发展的; 先进的; 成熟的; 成长

Since diseases and epidemics don't stop at national boarders, this is a global issue requiring global action.

ps: 由于疾病和流行病不会在国家边界停止，这是一个需要全球行动的全球性问题。

diseases病; 疾病; 弊端; 恶疾; 痼疾; disease的复数

epidemics流行病; 泛滥，蔓延; epidemic的复数

national国家的; 民族的; 全国的; 国有的; 国立的; 国营的; 公民

boarders在学校寄宿的学生; 寄宿生; 付费寄住者; 寄膳宿者; boarder的复数

global全球的; 全世界的; 整体的; 全面的; 总括的

issue重要议题; 争论的问题; 问题，担忧; 一期; 期号; 宣布; 公布; 发出; 发给，供给; 将…诉诸法律

requiring需要; 依靠; 依赖; 使做; 使拥有; 规定; require的现在分词

action行动; 行为过程; 所做之事; 行为; 诉讼; 起诉; 务必做

The threat of a global epidemic is another example of why we must learn to live together.

ps: 全球流行病的威胁是我们必须学会共同生活的另一个例子。

Question:

1.Why is global action required to deal with health issues?

Epidemics don't stop at national borders.

Fill in the blanks:

Animals such as birds and pigscarry viruses thatmay mutate into a strain thatcan infect humans. Such a new straincould lead to another pandemic well before a newvaccine could be developed.

Repeat & Read Sentences:

1. It may also require changes in how humans interact with animals.

2.Once an outbreak occurs, transmission of the disease will be even faster than before.

3. So the best defense will be to prevent an outbreak from occurring.

4. The threat of a global epidemic is another example of why we must learn to live together.

5. An improved transportation system allows epidemics to spread more quickly.

6. Animals such as birds and pigs carry viruses that may mutate into a strain that can infect humans.

7. Experts predict that public health systems will be overwhelmed and unable to react quickly enough.

8. One danger is that an animal virus may mutate into a strain that can infect humans.