日期：2020-09-20
Git版本控制器
git通常在编程中会用到，通常是多个人同时协作一个项目，有可能出现两个人同时修改一个文件，这时后提交的人会遇到冲突，需要解决冲突；git能够记录每个人的提交修改等形成日志，可以根据提交记录进行回滚；并且git支持分布式部署。
Git下载
https://www.git-scm.com/download/
安装及其配置
傻瓜式安装
最终git检测是否安装成功
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HomeBrew
方法一：
梯子
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
方法二：
1.下载brew_install文件
curl-fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install>>brew_install
2.替换brew_install文件中的内容
将文件中的BREW_REPO="https://github.com/Homebrew/brew”替换成BREW_REPO="https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/git/homebrew/brew.git"
下载下来的brew_install文件是：
#!/usr/bin/rubySTDERR.print<<EOSWarning:The Ruby Homebrew installerisnow deprecatedandhas been rewritteninBash.Please migrate to the following command:/bin/bash-c"$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)"EOSKernel.exec"/bin/bash","-c",'/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh)"'
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install.sh访问这个地址。将内容替换到文件中去，然后修改对应的信息
PS Brew_install文件内的信息
#!/bin/bashset -u# First check if the OS is Linux.if [[ "$(uname)" = "Linux" ]]; then HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX=1fi# On macOS, this script installs to /usr/local only.# On Linux, it installs to /home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew if you have sudo access# and ~/.linuxbrew otherwise.# To install elsewhere (which is unsupported)# you can untar https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/tarball/master# anywhere you like.if [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then HOMEBREW_PREFIX="/usr/local" HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY="/usr/local/Homebrew" HOMEBREW_CACHE="${HOME}/Library/Caches/Homebrew" STAT="stat -f" CHOWN="/usr/sbin/chown" CHGRP="/usr/bin/chgrp" GROUP="admin" TOUCH="/usr/bin/touch"else HOMEBREW_PREFIX_DEFAULT="/home/linuxbrew/.linuxbrew" HOMEBREW_CACHE="${HOME}/.cache/Homebrew" STAT="stat --printf" CHOWN="/bin/chown" CHGRP="/bin/chgrp" GROUP="$(id -gn)" TOUCH="/bin/touch"fiBREW_REPO="https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/git/homebrew/brew.git"# TODO: bump version when new macOS is releasedMACOS_LATEST_SUPPORTED="10.15"# TODO: bump version when new macOS is releasedMACOS_OLDEST_SUPPORTED="10.13"# For Homebrew on LinuxREQUIRED_RUBY_VERSION=2.6 # https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/pull/6556REQUIRED_GLIBC_VERSION=2.13 # https://docs.brew.sh/Homebrew-on-Linux#requirements# no analytics during installationexport HOMEBREW_NO_ANALYTICS_THIS_RUN=1export HOMEBREW_NO_ANALYTICS_MESSAGE_OUTPUT=1# string formattersif [[ -t 1 ]]; then tty_escape() { printf "\033[%sm" "$1"; }else tty_escape() { :; }fitty_mkbold() { tty_escape "1;$1"; }tty_underline="$(tty_escape "4;39")"tty_blue="$(tty_mkbold 34)"tty_red="$(tty_mkbold 31)"tty_bold="$(tty_mkbold 39)"tty_reset="$(tty_escape 0)"have_sudo_access() { local -a args if [[ -n "${SUDO_ASKPASS-}" ]]; then args=("-A") fi if [[ -z "${HAVE_SUDO_ACCESS-}" ]]; then if [[ -n "${args[*]-}" ]]; then /usr/bin/sudo "${args[@]}" -l mkdir &>/dev/null else /usr/bin/sudo -l mkdir &>/dev/null fi HAVE_SUDO_ACCESS="$?" fi if [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]] && [[ "$HAVE_SUDO_ACCESS" -ne 0 ]]; then abort "Need sudo access on macOS (e.g. the user $USER to be an Administrator)!" fi return "$HAVE_SUDO_ACCESS"}shell_join() { local arg printf "%s" "$1" shift for arg in "$@"; do printf " " printf "%s" "${arg// /\ }" done}chomp() { printf "%s" "${1/"$'\n'"/}"}ohai() { printf "${tty_blue}==>${tty_bold} %s${tty_reset}\n" "$(shell_join "$@")"}warn() { printf "${tty_red}Warning${tty_reset}: %s\n" "$(chomp "$1")"}abort() { printf "%s\n" "$1" exit 1}execute() { if ! "$@"; then abort "$(printf "Failed during: %s" "$(shell_join "$@")")" fi}execute_sudo() { local -a args=("$@") if [[ -n "${SUDO_ASKPASS-}" ]]; then args=("-A" "${args[@]}") fi if have_sudo_access; then ohai "/usr/bin/sudo" "${args[@]}" execute "/usr/bin/sudo" "${args[@]}" else ohai "${args[@]}" execute "${args[@]}" fi}getc() { local save_state save_state=$(/bin/stty -g) /bin/stty raw -echo IFS= read -r -n 1 -d '' "$@" /bin/stty "$save_state"}wait_for_user() { local c echo echo "Press RETURN to continue or any other key to abort" getc c # we test for \r and \n because some stuff does \r instead if ! [[ "$c" == $'\r' || "$c" == $'\n' ]]; then exit 1 fi}major_minor() { echo "${1%%.*}.$(x="${1#*.}"; echo "${x%%.*}")"}if [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then macos_version="$(major_minor "$(/usr/bin/sw_vers -productVersion)")"fiversion_gt() { [[ "${1%.*}" -gt "${2%.*}" ]] || [[ "${1%.*}" -eq "${2%.*}" && "${1#*.}" -gt "${2#*.}" ]]}version_ge() { [[ "${1%.*}" -gt "${2%.*}" ]] || [[ "${1%.*}" -eq "${2%.*}" && "${1#*.}" -ge "${2#*.}" ]]}version_lt() { [[ "${1%.*}" -lt "${2%.*}" ]] || [[ "${1%.*}" -eq "${2%.*}" && "${1#*.}" -lt "${2#*.}" ]]}should_install_command_line_tools() { if [[ -n "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then return 1 fi if version_gt "$macos_version" "10.13"; then ! [[ -e "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/git" ]] else ! [[ -e "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/git" ]] || ! [[ -e "/usr/include/iconv.h" ]] fi}get_permission() { $STAT "%A" "$1"}user_only_chmod() { [[ -d "$1" ]] && [[ "$(get_permission "$1")" != "755" ]]}exists_but_not_writable() { [[ -e "$1" ]] && ! [[ -r "$1" && -w "$1" && -x "$1" ]]}get_owner() { $STAT "%u" "$1"}file_not_owned() { [[ "$(get_owner "$1")" != "$(id -u)" ]]}get_group() { $STAT "%g" "$1"}file_not_grpowned() { [[ " $(id -G "$USER") " != *" $(get_group "$1") "* ]]}# Please sync with 'test_ruby()' in 'Library/Homebrew/utils/ruby.sh' from Homebrew/brew repository.test_ruby () { if [[ ! -x $1 ]] then return 1 fi "$1" --enable-frozen-string-literal --disable=gems,did_you_mean,rubyopt -rrubygems -e \ "abort if Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION.to_s.dup).to_s.split('.').first(2) != \ Gem::Version.new('$REQUIRED_RUBY_VERSION').to_s.split('.').first(2)" 2>/dev/null}no_usable_ruby() { local ruby_exec IFS=$'\n' # Do word splitting on new lines only for ruby_exec in $(which -a ruby); do if test_ruby "$ruby_exec"; then return 1 fi done IFS=$' \t\n' # Restore IFS to its default value return 0}outdated_glibc() { local glibc_version glibc_version=$(ldd --version | head -n1 | grep -o '[0-9.]*$' | grep -o '^[0-9]\+\.[0-9]\+') version_lt "$glibc_version" "$REQUIRED_GLIBC_VERSION"}if [[ -n "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]] && no_usable_ruby && outdated_glibcthen abort "$(cat <<-EOFABORT Homebrew requires Ruby $REQUIRED_RUBY_VERSION which was not found on your system. Homebrew portable Ruby requires Glibc version $REQUIRED_GLIBC_VERSION or newer, and your Glibc version is too old. See ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh/Homebrew-on-Linux#requirements${tty_reset} Install Ruby $REQUIRED_RUBY_VERSION and add its location to your PATH. EOFABORT )"fi# USER isn't always set so provide a fall back for the installer and subprocesses.if [[ -z "${USER-}" ]]; then USER="$(chomp "$(id -un)")" export USERfi# Invalidate sudo timestamp before exiting (if it wasn't active before).if ! /usr/bin/sudo -n -v 2>/dev/null; then trap '/usr/bin/sudo -k' EXITfi# Things can fail later if `pwd` doesn't exist.# Also sudo prints a warning message for no good reasoncd "/usr" || exit 1####################################################################### scriptif ! command -v git >/dev/null; then abort "$(cat <<EOABORTYou must install Git before installing Homebrew. See: ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh/Installation${tty_reset}EOABORT)"fiif ! command -v curl >/dev/null; then abort "$(cat <<EOABORTYou must install cURL before installing Homebrew. See: ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh/Installation${tty_reset}EOABORT)"fiif [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then have_sudo_accesselse if [[ -n "${CI-}" ]] || [[ -w "$HOMEBREW_PREFIX_DEFAULT" ]] || [[ -w "/home/linuxbrew" ]] || [[ -w "/home" ]]; then HOMEBREW_PREFIX="$HOMEBREW_PREFIX_DEFAULT" else trap exit SIGINT if [[ $(/usr/bin/sudo -n -l mkdir 2>&1) != *"mkdir"* ]]; then ohai "Select the Homebrew installation directory" echo "- ${tty_bold}Enter your password${tty_reset} to install to ${tty_underline}${HOMEBREW_PREFIX_DEFAULT}${tty_reset} (${tty_bold}recommended${tty_reset})" echo "- ${tty_bold}Press Control-D${tty_reset} to install to ${tty_underline}$HOME/.linuxbrew${tty_reset}" echo "- ${tty_bold}Press Control-C${tty_reset} to cancel installation" fi if have_sudo_access; then HOMEBREW_PREFIX="$HOMEBREW_PREFIX_DEFAULT" else HOMEBREW_PREFIX="$HOME/.linuxbrew" fi trap - SIGINT fi HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY="${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/Homebrew"fiif [[ "$UID" == "0" ]]; then abort "Don't run this as root!"elif [[ -d "$HOMEBREW_PREFIX" && ! -x "$HOMEBREW_PREFIX" ]]; then abort "$(cat <<EOABORTThe Homebrew prefix, ${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}, exists but is not searchable. If this isnot intentional, please restore the default permissions and try running theinstaller again: sudo chmod 775 ${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}EOABORT)"fiif [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then if version_lt "$macos_version" "10.7"; then abort "$(cat <<EOABORTYour Mac OS X version is too old. See: ${tty_underline}https://github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew${tty_reset}EOABORT)" elif version_lt "$macos_version" "10.10"; then abort "Your OS X version is too old" elif version_gt "$macos_version" "$MACOS_LATEST_SUPPORTED" || \ version_lt "$macos_version" "$MACOS_OLDEST_SUPPORTED"; then who="We" what="" if version_gt "$macos_version" "$MACOS_LATEST_SUPPORTED"; then what="pre-release version" else who+=" (and Apple)" what="old version" fi ohai "You are using macOS ${macos_version}." ohai "${who} do not provide support for this ${what}." echo "$(cat <<EOSThis installation may not succeed.After installation, you will encounter build failures with some formulae.Please create pull requests instead of asking for help on Homebrew\'s GitHub,Discourse, Twitter or IRC. You are responsible for resolving any issues youexperience while you are running this ${what}.EOS)" fifiohai "This script will install:"echo "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew"echo "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/share/doc/homebrew"echo "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/share/man/man1/brew.1"echo "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/share/zsh/site-functions/_brew"echo "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/etc/bash_completion.d/brew"echo "${HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}"# Keep relatively in sync with# https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/blob/master/Library/Homebrew/keg.rbdirectories=(bin etc include lib sbin share opt var Frameworks etc/bash_completion.d lib/pkgconfig share/aclocal share/doc share/info share/locale share/man share/man/man1 share/man/man2 share/man/man3 share/man/man4 share/man/man5 share/man/man6 share/man/man7 share/man/man8 var/log var/homebrew var/homebrew/linked bin/brew)group_chmods=()for dir in "${directories[@]}"; do if exists_but_not_writable "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/${dir}"; then group_chmods+=("${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/${dir}") fidone# zsh refuses to read from these directories if group writabledirectories=(share/zsh share/zsh/site-functions)zsh_dirs=()for dir in "${directories[@]}"; do zsh_dirs+=("${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/${dir}")donedirectories=(bin etc include lib sbin share var opt share/zsh share/zsh/site-functions var/homebrew var/homebrew/linked Cellar Caskroom Homebrew Frameworks)mkdirs=()for dir in "${directories[@]}"; do if ! [[ -d "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/${dir}" ]]; then mkdirs+=("${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/${dir}") fidoneuser_chmods=()if [[ "${#zsh_dirs[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then for dir in "${zsh_dirs[@]}"; do if user_only_chmod "${dir}"; then user_chmods+=("${dir}") fi donefichmods=()if [[ "${#group_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then chmods+=("${group_chmods[@]}")fiif [[ "${#user_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then chmods+=("${user_chmods[@]}")fichowns=()chgrps=()if [[ "${#chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then for dir in "${chmods[@]}"; do if file_not_owned "${dir}"; then chowns+=("${dir}") fi if file_not_grpowned "${dir}"; then chgrps+=("${dir}") fi donefiif [[ "${#group_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then ohai "The following existing directories will be made group writable:" printf "%s\n" "${group_chmods[@]}"fiif [[ "${#user_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then ohai "The following existing directories will be made writable by user only:" printf "%s\n" "${user_chmods[@]}"fiif [[ "${#chowns[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then ohai "The following existing directories will have their owner set to ${tty_underline}${USER}${tty_reset}:" printf "%s\n" "${chowns[@]}"fiif [[ "${#chgrps[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then ohai "The following existing directories will have their group set to ${tty_underline}${GROUP}${tty_reset}:" printf "%s\n" "${chgrps[@]}"fiif [[ "${#mkdirs[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then ohai "The following new directories will be created:" printf "%s\n" "${mkdirs[@]}"fiif should_install_command_line_tools; then ohai "The Xcode Command Line Tools will be installed."fiif [[ -t 0 && -z "${CI-}" ]]; then wait_for_userfiif [[ -d "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" ]]; then if [[ "${#chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "/bin/chmod" "u+rwx" "${chmods[@]}" fi if [[ "${#group_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "/bin/chmod" "g+rwx" "${group_chmods[@]}" fi if [[ "${#user_chmods[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "/bin/chmod" "755" "${user_chmods[@]}" fi if [[ "${#chowns[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "$CHOWN" "$USER" "${chowns[@]}" fi if [[ "${#chgrps[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "$CHGRP" "$GROUP" "${chgrps[@]}" fielse execute_sudo "/bin/mkdir" "-p" "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" if [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then execute_sudo "$CHOWN" "root:wheel" "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" else execute_sudo "$CHOWN" "$USER:$GROUP" "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}" fifiif [[ "${#mkdirs[@]}" -gt 0 ]]; then execute_sudo "/bin/mkdir" "-p" "${mkdirs[@]}" execute_sudo "/bin/chmod" "g+rwx" "${mkdirs[@]}" execute_sudo "$CHOWN" "$USER" "${mkdirs[@]}" execute_sudo "$CHGRP" "$GROUP" "${mkdirs[@]}"fiif ! [[ -d "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}" ]]; then if [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then execute_sudo "/bin/mkdir" "-p" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}" else execute "/bin/mkdir" "-p" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}" fifiif exists_but_not_writable "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"; then execute_sudo "/bin/chmod" "g+rwx" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"fiif file_not_owned "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"; then execute_sudo "$CHOWN" "$USER" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"fiif file_not_grpowned "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"; then execute_sudo "$CHGRP" "$GROUP" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}"fiif [[ -d "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}" ]]; then execute "$TOUCH" "${HOMEBREW_CACHE}/.cleaned"fiif should_install_command_line_tools && version_ge "$macos_version" "10.13"; then ohai "Searching online for the Command Line Tools" # This temporary file prompts the 'softwareupdate' utility to list the Command Line Tools clt_placeholder="/tmp/.com.apple.dt.CommandLineTools.installondemand.in-progress" execute_sudo "$TOUCH" "$clt_placeholder" clt_label_command="/usr/sbin/softwareupdate -l | grep -B 1 -E 'Command Line Tools' | awk -F'*' '/^ *\\*/ {print \$2}' | sed -e 's/^ *Label: //' -e 's/^ *//' | sort -V | tail -n1" clt_label="$(chomp "$(/bin/bash -c "$clt_label_command")")" if [[ -n "$clt_label" ]]; then ohai "Installing $clt_label" execute_sudo "/usr/sbin/softwareupdate" "-i" "$clt_label" execute_sudo "/bin/rm" "-f" "$clt_placeholder" execute_sudo "/usr/bin/xcode-select" "--switch" "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools" fifi# Headless install may have failed, so fallback to original 'xcode-select' methodif should_install_command_line_tools && test -t 0; then ohai "Installing the Command Line Tools (expect a GUI popup):" execute_sudo "/usr/bin/xcode-select" "--install" echo "Press any key when the installation has completed." getc execute_sudo "/usr/bin/xcode-select" "--switch" "/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools"fiif [[ -z "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]] && ! output="$(/usr/bin/xcrun clang 2>&1)" && [[ "$output" == *"license"* ]]; then abort "$(cat <<EOABORTYou have not agreed to the Xcode license.Before running the installer again please agree to the license by openingXcode.app or running: sudo xcodebuild -licenseEOABORT)"fiohai "Downloading and installing Homebrew..."( cd "${HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}" >/dev/null || return # we do it in four steps to avoid merge errors when reinstalling execute "git" "init" "-q" # "git remote add" will fail if the remote is defined in the global config execute "git" "config" "remote.origin.url" "${BREW_REPO}" execute "git" "config" "remote.origin.fetch" "+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*" # ensure we don't munge line endings on checkout execute "git" "config" "core.autocrlf" "false" execute "git" "fetch" "origin" "--force" execute "git" "fetch" "origin" "--tags" "--force" execute "git" "reset" "--hard" "origin/master" execute "ln" "-sf" "${HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}/bin/brew" "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew" execute "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew" "update" "--force") || exit 1if [[ ":${PATH}:" != *":${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin:"* ]]; then warn "${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin is not in your PATH."fiohai "Installation successful!"echo# Use the shell's audible bell.if [[ -t 1 ]]; then printf "\a"fi# Use an extra newline and bold to avoid this being missed.ohai "Homebrew has enabled anonymous aggregate formulae and cask analytics."echo "$(cat <<EOS${tty_bold}Read the analytics documentation (and how to opt-out) here: ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh/Analytics${tty_reset}No analytics data has been sent yet (or will be during this \`install\` run).EOS)"ohai "Homebrew is run entirely by unpaid volunteers. Please consider donating:"echo "$(cat <<EOS ${tty_underline}https://github.com/Homebrew/brew#donations${tty_reset}EOS)"( cd "${HOMEBREW_REPOSITORY}" >/dev/null || return execute "git" "config" "--replace-all" "homebrew.analyticsmessage" "true" execute "git" "config" "--replace-all" "homebrew.caskanalyticsmessage" "true") || exit 1ohai "Next steps:"echo "- Run \`brew help\` to get started"echo "- Further documentation: "echo " ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh${tty_reset}"if [[ -n "${HOMEBREW_ON_LINUX-}" ]]; then case "$SHELL" in */bash*) if [[ -r "$HOME/.bash_profile" ]]; then shell_profile="$HOME/.bash_profile" else shell_profile="$HOME/.profile" fi ;; */zsh*) shell_profile="$HOME/.zprofile" ;; *) shell_profile="$HOME/.profile" ;; esac echo "- Install the Homebrew dependencies if you have sudo access:" if [[ $(command -v apt-get) ]]; then echo " sudo apt-get install build-essential" elif [[ $(command -v yum) ]]; then echo " sudo yum groupinstall 'Development Tools'" elif [[ $(command -v pacman) ]]; then echo " sudo pacman -S base-devel" elif [[ $(command -v apk) ]]; then echo " sudo apk add build-base" fi cat <<EOS See ${tty_underline}https://docs.brew.sh/linux${tty_reset} for more information- Add Homebrew to your ${tty_bold}PATH${tty_reset} in ${tty_underline}${shell_profile}${tty_reset}: echo 'eval \$(${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew shellenv)' >> ${shell_profile} eval \$(${HOMEBREW_PREFIX}/bin/brew shellenv)- We recommend that you install GCC: brew install gccEOSfi
3.终端运行brew_install文件
直接拖进去运行（如果出现define permission ， sudo chmod -R 777 根路径提高权限）
4、检测安装
brew
1.下载python3.7
https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/
2、傻瓜式安装
PS、 Mac自带Python，有些软件的运行可能需要用到2.X的版本，而3的版本与2的版本区别甚大，作为python 开发还是需要安装最新的3.x版本
自带python launcher（python版本转换器 Python launcher根据文件头自动帮我们调用了指定版本的解释器来执行该文件。）
