• 缩小锁的范围

public synchronized void doSometing(){
   A();
    B();
}
改为
public void doSometing(){
   synchronized(this){
A()
};
    B();
}

• 缩小锁的粒度

@ThreadSafe
public class ServerStatusBeforeSplit {
    @GuardedBy("this") public final Set<String> users;
    @GuardedBy("this") public final Set<String> queries;

    public ServerStatusBeforeSplit() {
        users = new HashSet<String>();
        queries = new HashSet<String>();
    }

    public synchronized void addUser(String u) {
        users.add(u);
    }

    public synchronized void addQuery(String q) {
        queries.add(q);
    }

    public synchronized void removeUser(String u) {
        users.remove(u);
    }

    public synchronized void removeQuery(String q) {
        queries.remove(q);
    }
}
改为
public class ServerStatusAfterSplit {
    @GuardedBy("users") public final Set<String> users;
    @GuardedBy("queries") public final Set<String> queries;

    public ServerStatusAfterSplit() {
        users = new HashSet<String>();
        queries = new HashSet<String>();
    }

    public void addUser(String u) {
        synchronized (users) {
            users.add(u);
        }
    }

    public void addQuery(String q) {
        synchronized (queries) {
            queries.add(q);
        }
    }

    public void removeUser(String u) {
        synchronized (users) {
            users.remove(u);
        }
    }

    public void removeQuery(String q) {
        synchronized (users) {
            queries.remove(q);
        }
    }
}

• 锁分段
  ConcurrentHashMap

public class StripedMap {
    // Synchronization policy: buckets[n] guarded by locks[n%N_LOCKS]
    private static final int N_LOCKS = 16;
    private final Node[] buckets;
    private final Object[] locks;

    private static class Node {
        Node next;
        Object key;
        Object value;
    }

    public StripedMap(int numBuckets) {
        buckets = new Node[numBuckets];
        locks = new Object[N_LOCKS];
        for (int i = 0; i < N_LOCKS; i++)
            locks[i] = new Object();
    }

    private final int hash(Object key) {
        return Math.abs(key.hashCode() % buckets.length);
    }

    public Object get(Object key) {
        int hash = hash(key);
        synchronized (locks[hash % N_LOCKS]) {
            for (Node m = buckets[hash]; m != null; m = m.next)
                if (m.key.equals(key))
                    return m.value;
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void clear() {
        for (int i = 0; i < buckets.length; i++) {
            synchronized (locks[i % N_LOCKS]) {
                buckets[i] = null;
            }
        }
    }
}