TED Talk >> Rebecca Saxe: How we read each other's minds
And now what we've started to do in my lab is to put children into the brain scanner and ask what's going on in their brain as they develop this ability to think about other people's thoughts. So the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region, the Right TPJ, being used while children are thinking about other people. But it's not quite like the adult brain.
现在我们实验室所做的，就是扫描这些孩子的大脑，并询问他们的大脑中发生了什么，因为他们发展了这种思考别人思想的能力。所以第一件事就是我们只看同样的大脑区域，即RTPJ区域，孩子们在思考别人时候使用到了它。但它不像成年人的大脑。
So whereas in the adults, as I told you, this brain region is almost completely specialized -- it does almost nothing else except for thinking about other people's thoughts -- in children it's much less so, when they are age five to eight, the age range of the children I just showed you. And actually if we even look at 8 to 11-year-olds, getting into early adolescence, they still don't have quite an adult-like brain region. And so, what we can see is that over the course of childhood and even into adolescence, both the cognitive system, our mind's ability to think about other minds, and the brain system that supports it are continuing, slowly, to develop.
相对比，在成年人中，正如我告诉你的那样，这个大脑区域几乎完全是作专门用途的——除了考虑其他人的想法之外几乎不做其他任何事情——在儿童中，对于5到8岁的孩子来说，这块区域不是这样的。这也是刚刚给大家展示的年龄范围。事实上，如果我们看下8-11岁大的，也刚进入青春期的小孩，他们仍然没有像成人一样的大脑区域。因此，我们可以看到，在童年甚至青春期的过程中，认知系统，即思维思考其他思维的能力，以及支持它的大脑系统，都在继续、缓慢地发展。
But of course, as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately. And so what we wanted to know was, could differences among adults in how they think about other people's thoughts be explained in terms of differences in this brain region? So, the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version of the pirate problem that we gave to the kids. And I'm going to give that to you now.
当然，你也可能意识到，即使是在成年人阶段，人与人之间，在思考他人的思维方式，是否经常使用，以及准确度方面也各不相同。 所以我们想要知道的是，成年人在如何思考其他人的思想方面的差异，可以用大脑区域的差异来解释吗？所以，我们做的第一件事是，我们给成年人另一个版本的海盗问题，类似于我们给小孩们做的一样。而且我现在要把它给你。
Question
- How do adults and children's RTPJ regions differ?
> The RTPJ region is more specialized in adults. - If something is specialized, it is
> developed for a specific purpose
So Grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory, and they take a break for coffee. And Grace's friend asks for some sugar in her coffee. Grace goes to make the coffee and finds by the coffee a pot containing a white powder, which is sugar. But the powder is labeled "Deadly Poison," so Grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison. And she puts it in her friend's coffee. And her friend drinks the coffee, and is fine.
Grace和她的朋友去化工厂参观，然后她们中途休息去喝杯咖啡， Grace的朋友想要加些糖。Grace就离开去做咖啡，然后在咖啡旁找到一个装有白色粉末的罐子。这粉末就是糖，但是标签上却写着“剧毒”。所以Grace认为这些粉末就是一个剧毒，接着她把这东西放到了朋友的咖啡里，朋友喝了咖啡后呢，一切正常。
How many people think it was morally permissible for Grace to put the powder in the coffee? Okay. Good. So we ask people, how much should Grace be blamed in this case, which we call a failed attempt to harm?
有多少人觉得Grace把这粉末倒入咖啡在道德上是被允许的呢？ 好，很好！对于这个案例，我们问下有多少人认为Grace应该受到责备。我们把这种行为称为失败的故意伤害。
And we can compare that to another case, where everything in the real world is the same. The powder is still sugar, but what's different is what Grace thinks. Now she thinks the powder is sugar. And perhaps unsurprisingly, if Grace thinks the powder is sugar and puts it in her friend's coffee, people say she deserves no blame at all. Whereas if she thinks the powder was poison, even though it's really sugar, now people say she deserves a lot of blame, even though what happened in the real world was exactly the same.
我们可以拿它和其它例子比较，现实世界中的一切都是相同的。粉末仍然是糖，区别只在于Grace的想法。现在她认为这些粉末就是糖。也许毫无意外的，如果Grace认为粉末就是糖，并把它们放到朋友的咖啡里面，大家认为她不应该受到任何责备。但假如她认为粉末就是毒药，尽管事实是真的糖，但大家就会认为她应该受到严厉的惩罚，哪怕现实中这结果完全一样。
And in fact, they say she deserves more blame in this case, the failed attempt to harm, than in another case, which we call an accident. Where Grace thought the powder was sugar, because it was labeled "sugar" and by the coffee machine, but actually the powder was poison. So even though when the powder was poison, the friend drank the coffee and died, people say Grace deserves less blame in that case, when she innocently thought it was sugar, than in the other case, where she thought it was poison and no harm occurred.
事实上，人们认为，这个失败的企图伤害的案列，比起另一个我们称之为意外事件的案例，Grace应该收到更多惩罚。当Grace认为粉末是糖，因为它的标签就是糖，并且放在咖啡机旁边。但实际上粉末是毒药。尽管粉末是毒药，她朋友喝了咖啡然后就死了，在这个案例中，大家会认为Grace应该少受些惩罚，因为她无辜的认为它是糖。比起上一个案例中，她认为是毒药，虽然没有发生伤害。
People, though, disagree a little bit about exactly how much blame Grace should get in the accident case. Some people think she should deserve more blame, and other people less. And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look inside the brains of people while they're making that judgment. So what I'm showing you, from left to right, is how much activity there was in this brain region, and from top to bottom, how much blame people said that Grace deserved.
在意外事件中，Grace应该受到怎么样程度的惩罚，对于此大家意见不一。有人认为她应该受到更多的惩罚，而另一部分人认为应该少些。下来我给大家看下当人们做出决断时候，大脑里面的样子。这幅图片里，从左到右，表示他们脑活动的从少到多，从上到下，表示人们认为Grace应该受到惩罚从多到少。
And what you can see is, on the left when there was very little activity in this brain region, people paid little attention to her innocent belief and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident. Whereas on the right, where there was a lot of activity, people paid a lot more attention to her innocent belief, and said she deserved a lot less blame for causing the accident.
你能看到，在左边，大脑区域的活动很少，人们不关注她无辜的信仰，并说她应该为这次事故负责。 不同的是，在右边，大脑区域活动非常多，人们更加关注她无辜的信仰，并说她不应该因造成这起事故而受到更多的责备。
Question
- Which of the following is a failed attempt to harm?
> Grace mistook sugar for poison, put it into her friend's coffee, and caused no harm. - Which two variables influence people's opinions to Grace?
> her belief and behavior
