过去500年,人类的世界翻天覆地,推动这一次变革的直接原因,就是科技的发展和变革。
在过去500年间,人类的力量有了前所未有的惊人成长。公元1500年时,全球智人的人口大约有5亿,但今天已经到了70亿。人类在1500年生产的商品和服务总共约合现值2500亿美元,但今天每年人类生产的价值约为60万亿美元。在1500年,全人类每天总共约消耗13万亿卡路里,但今天每天要消耗1500万亿卡路里。(看看这些数字,人口增加了14倍,生产增加240倍,消耗的能量增加了115倍。)
在这500年间,人类取得了超出过去千万年的成就,人类对于自然的认知有了爆炸性突破。人类可以飞向天空,冲出大气层走向宇宙;人类可以在粒子层面上改变生物结构,使其为我们所用。发明了原子弹后,人类更是不仅有了改变历史进程的能力,还有了结束历史进程的能力。
经济、政治和科学彼此强化和促进,人类对科学的接受程度和参与度越来越高,所以社会的发展速度也越来越快,这主要得益于以下几点:
1、人愿意承认自己的无知;(只有承认自己“不知道”才肯求学好问。)
2、以观察和数学为中心;(讲逻辑看本质。)
3、取得新能力;(理论应用与实践。)
科学革命的蓬勃发展深刻地印证了意识到自己的无知的重要性,是求知的心促使人类向上攀登。在科学的指导下,人类开始观察到之前并未留意到的点,世界有了一种新型的“开启方式”,一切已知都变成了为止,“神”的责任变成了人的“义务”。于是,科学成了新的“神”,数学就是解读自然的答案。
We need merely look at the history of education to realise how far this process has taken us. Throughout most of history, mathematics was an esoteric field that even educated people rarely studied seriously. In medieval Europe, logic, grammar and rhetoric formed the educational core, while the teaching of mathematics seldom went beyond simple arithmetic and geometry. Nobody studied statistics. The undisputed monarch of all sciences was theology.
一直以来,数学就是一门深奥的学问,就算是知识分子也很少真的全心投入。在中世纪的欧洲,教育的核心是逻辑、语法、修辞,数学教育通常就只是简单的算术和几何学。没有人研究统计学这件事。神学无疑是所有学科中的王道。
Today few students study rhetoric; logic is restricted to philosophy departments, and theology to seminaries. But more and more students are motivated – or forced – to study mathematics. There is an irresistible drift towards the exact sciences – defined as ‘exact’ by their use of mathematical tools. Even fields of study that were traditionally part of the humanities, such as the study of human language (linguistics) and the human psyche (psychology), rely increasingly on mathematics and seek to present themselves as exact sciences. Statistics courses are now part of the basic requirements not just in physics and biology, but also in psychology, sociology, economics and political science.
但到了今天,修辞学乏人问津,逻辑只剩哲学系继续捧场,神学只剩神学院大力支持。但有越来越多的学生有兴趣或是被强迫学数学。走向精确科学(exact science)的趋势势不可挡,而所谓的“精确”,正是因为使用了数学工具。就算是像语言学或心理学这种传统上属于人文领域的学科,现在也越来越依赖数学,并试图让自己看来有着精确科学的样子。统计课程现在已经不只是物理学和生物学的必修课,连心理学、社会学、经济学和政治学也同样需要。
上大学时,我的老师经常调侃:“人和动物最大的区别就是人类能够使用工具”,潜台词是:“你们不会用工具,和动物也没什么区别”。话虽如此,但其实人类早就已经不能离开工具生存了。科学与技术已经成了“同义词”,人类在研究科学的时候不会忘记实践,实践也基本都会围绕生活而展开。人类发明了科技,却也被科技奴役。无论是什么场合,人类首先想到的,都是如何运用科技解决问题。从历史角度上来看,这一切基本是源于第一次工业革命的开始。
(人类通过科学诠释了“闪电”,“贫穷”和“死亡”等,改变了人类对神和自然的认知,从而有了改造和征服世界的无穷欲望。)
但科技也并非万能。
We are living in a technical age. Many are convinced that science and technology hold the answers to all our problems. We should just let the scientists and technicians go on with their work, and they will create heaven here on earth. But science is not an enterprise that takes place on some superior moral or spiritual plane above the rest of human activity. Like all other parts of our culture, it is shaped by economic, political and religious interests.
我们活在一个科技时代。许多人相信,有了科技就能找出所有问题的解答。只要让科学家和科技研发人员继续努力,总有一天我们能在地球上创造天堂。然而,科学活动并不是处于某个更高的道德和精神层面,而是也像其他的文化活动一样,受到经济、政治和宗教利益的影响。
问题是,并不是每一种科学研究都能得到足够的支持,包括物质财富的支持和科学研究人员的助力。虽然文化和宗教在社会上的地位有所减弱,但依然影响科技的发展和研究的深入。
Science is unable to set its own priorities. It is also incapable of determining what to do with its discoveries. For example, from a purely scientific viewpoint it is unclear what we should do with our increasing understanding of genetics. Should we use this knowledge to cure cancer, to create a race of genetically engineered supermen, or to engineer dairy cows with super-sized udders? It is obvious that a liberal government, a Communist government, a Nazi government and a capitalist business corporation would use the very same scientific discovery for completely different purposes, and there is noscientific reason to prefer one usage over others.
科学并无力决定自己的优先级,也无法决定如何使用其发现。举例来说,从纯科学的角度来看,虽然我们已经越来越了解基因遗传学,但我们还不知道该如何加以应用。是该用这些知识来治愈癌症、创造出超人种族,还是要培育有特大号乳房的奶牛?很明显,就算是完全相同的科学研究,交给民主开放的政府还是纳粹政府,或是资本主义的商业公司,就会有完全不同的用途,而且并没有任何“科学的”理由告诉我们谁才是对的。
In short, scientific research can flourish only in alliance with some religion or ideology. The ideology justifies the costs of the research. In exchange, the ideology influences the scientific agenda and determines what to do with the discoveries. Hence in order to comprehend how humankind has reached Alamogordo and the moon – rather than any number of alternative destinations – it is not enough to survey the achievements of physicists, biologists and sociologists. We have to take into account the ideological, political and economic forces that shaped physics, biology and sociology, pushing them in certain directions while neglecting others.
总之,科学研究一定得和某些宗教或意识形态联手,才有蓬勃发展的可能。意识形态能够让研究所耗的成本合理化。而代价就是意识形态能够影响科学的进程表,并且决定如何使用研究成果。因此,如果想知道人类究竟是怎样做出核弹,怎样登上月球,光是研究物理学家、生物学家和社会学家的成就还不够。我们还必须考虑到当时的思想、政治和经济力量,看看这些力量如何形塑了物理学、生物学和社会学,将它们推往某些特定的方向。
正如文章指出,科学研究一定需要和某些宗教或意识形态联手才会有蓬勃发展的可能,科学和帝国需要紧密融合、合作,才能成为推动社会发展的助力器。