一、介绍
selenium最初是一个自动化测试工具,而爬虫中使用它主要是为了解决requests无法直接执行JavaScript代码的问题
selenium本质是通过驱动浏览器,完全模拟浏览器的操作,比如跳转、输入、点击、下拉等,来拿到网页渲染之后的结果,可支持多种浏览器
from selenium import webdriver
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser=webdriver.PhantomJS()
browser=webdriver.Safari()
browser=webdriver.Edge()
官网:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io
二、安装
selenium+chromedriver
#安装:selenium+chromedriver
pip3 install selenium
下载chromdriver.exe放到python安装路径的scripts目录中即可,注意最新版本是2.29,并非2.9
国内镜像网站地址:http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/2.29/
最新的版本去官网找:https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
#验证安装
C:\Users\Administrator>python3
Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 18:41:36) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from selenium import webdriver
>>> driver=webdriver.Chrome() #弹出浏览器
>>> driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
>>> driver.page_source
#注意:
selenium3默认支持的webdriver是Firfox,而Firefox需要安装geckodriver
下载链接:https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
selenium+phantomjs
#安装:selenium+phantomjs
pip3 install selenium
下载phantomjs,解压后把phantomjs.exe所在的bin目录放到环境变量
下载链接:http://phantomjs.org/download.html
#验证安装
C:\Users\Administrator>phantomjs
phantomjs> console.log('egon gaga')
egon gaga
undefined
phantomjs> ^C
C:\Users\Administrator>python3
Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 18:41:36) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from selenium import webdriver
>>> driver=webdriver.PhantomJS() #无界面浏览器
>>> driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
>>> driver.page_source
三、基本使用
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
try:
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
input_tag.send_keys('美女') #python2中输入中文错误,字符串前加个u
input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) #输入回车
wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'content_left'))) #等到id为content_left的元素加载完毕,最多等10秒
print(browser.page_source)
print(browser.current_url)
print(browser.get_cookies())
finally:
browser.close()
四、选择器
1.基本用法
#官网链接:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/locating-elements.html
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
import time
driver=webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
wait=WebDriverWait(driver,10)
try:
#===============所有方法===================
# 1、find_element_by_id
# 2、find_element_by_link_text # 严格匹配
# 3、find_element_by_partial_link_text # 部分匹配
# 4、find_element_by_tag_name
# 5、find_element_by_class_name
# 6、find_element_by_name
# 7、find_element_by_css_selector
# 8、find_element_by_xpath
# 强调:
# 1、上述均可以改写成find_element(By.ID,'kw')的形式
# 2、find_elements_by_xxx的形式是查找到多个元素,结果为列表
#===============示范用法===================
# 1、find_element_by_id
print(driver.find_element_by_id('kw'))
# 2、find_element_by_link_text
# login=driver.find_element_by_link_text('登录')
# login.click()
# 3、find_element_by_partial_link_text
login=driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text('录')[0]
login.click()
# 4、find_element_by_tag_name
print(driver.find_element_by_tag_name('a'))
# 5、find_element_by_class_name
button=wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME,'tang-pass-footerBarULogin')))
button.click()
# 6、find_element_by_name
input_user=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME,'userName')))
input_pwd=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME,'password')))
commit=wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID,'TANGRAM__PSP_10__submit')))
input_user.send_keys('18611453110')
input_pwd.send_keys('lhf@094573')
commit.click()
# 7、find_element_by_css_selector
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#kw')
# 8、find_element_by_xpath
time.sleep(5)
finally:
driver.close()
2.xpath
#官网链接:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/locating-elements.html
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
import time
driver=webdriver.PhantomJS()
driver.get('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/_static/selectors-sample1.html')
# wait=WebDriverWait(driver,3)
driver.implicitly_wait(3) #使用隐式等待
try:
# find_element_by_xpath
#//与/
# driver.find_element_by_xpath('//body/a') # 开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的/代表body的儿子,这一行找不到就会报错了
driver.find_element_by_xpath('//body//a') # 开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的//代表body的子子孙孙
driver.find_element_by_css_selector('body a')
#取第n个
res1=driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//body//a[1]') #取第一个a标签
print(res1[0].text)
#按照属性查找,下述三者查找效果一样
res1=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[5]')
res2=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[@href="image5.html"]')
res3=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[contains(@href,"image5")]') #模糊查找
print('==>', res1.text)
print('==>',res2.text)
print('==>',res3.text)
#其他
res1=driver.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/div/a')
print(res1.text)
res2=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[img/@src="image3_thumb.jpg"]') #找到子标签img的src属性为image3_thumb.jpg的a标签
print(res2.tag_name,res2.text)
res3 = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='continue'][@type='button']") #查看属性name为continue且属性type为button的input标签
res4 = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@name='continue'][@type='button']") #查看属性name为continue且属性type为button的所有标签
time.sleep(5)
finally:
driver.close()
3.获取标签属性
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.amazon.cn/')
wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'cc-lm-tcgShowImgContainer')))
tag=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'#cc-lm-tcgShowImgContainer img')
#获取标签属性,
print(tag.get_attribute('src'))
#获取标签ID,位置,名称,大小(了解)
print(tag.id)
print(tag.location)
print(tag.tag_name)
print(tag.size)
browser.close()
五、等待元素被加载
#1、selenium只是模拟浏览器的行为,而浏览器解析页面是需要时间的(执行css,js),一些元素可能需要过一段时间才能加载出来,为了保证能查找到元素,必须等待
#2、等待的方式分两种:
隐式等待:在browser.get('xxx')前就设置,针对所有元素有效
显式等待:在browser.get('xxx')之后设置,只针对某个元素有效
隐式等待
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
#隐式等待:在查找所有元素时,如果尚未被加载,则等10秒
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
input_tag.send_keys('美女')
input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
contents=browser.find_element_by_id('content_left') #没有等待环节而直接查找,找不到则会报错
print(contents)
browser.close()
显式等待
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
input_tag.send_keys('美女')
input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
#显式等待:显式地等待某个元素被加载
wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'content_left')))
contents=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'#content_left')
print(contents)
browser.close()
六、元素交互操作
点击,清空
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.implicitly_wait(10)
try:
input_tag = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
input_tag.send_keys('iphone X')
btn = browser.find_elements_by_class_name('btn-search')[0]
btn.click() # 点击搜索按钮
time.sleep(5)
input_tag = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
input_tag.clear() # 清空搜索框的内容
input_tag.send_keys('mysql深入浅出')
btn = browser.find_elements_by_class_name('icon-btn-search')[0]
btn.click() # 点击搜索按钮
time.sleep(5)
finally:
browser.close()
Action Chains
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By # 按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys # 键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait # 等待页面加载某些元素
import time
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
wait = WebDriverWait(driver,3)
# driver.implicitly_wait(3) # 使用隐式等待
try:
driver.switch_to.frame('iframeResult') ##切换到iframeResult
sourse = driver.find_element_by_id('draggable')
target = driver.find_element_by_id('droppable')
print(sourse.text)
print(target.text)
#方式一:基于同一个动作链串行执行
actions = ActionChains(driver) #拿到动作链对象
actions.drag_and_drop(sourse, target) #把动作放到动作链中,准备串行执行
actions.perform()
#方式二:不同的动作链,每次移动的位移都不同
# ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(sourse).perform()
# distance = target.location['x']-sourse.location['x']
# track = 0
# while track < distance:
# ActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(xoffset=2, yoffset=0).perform()
# track += 2
ActionChains(driver).release().perform()
time.sleep(5)
finally:
driver.close()
在交互动作比较难实现的时候可以自己写JS(万能方法)
from selenium import webdriver
import time
try:
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('alert("hello world")') #打印警告
time.sleep(5)
finally:
browser.close()
补充:frame的切换
#frame相当于一个单独的网页,在父frame里是无法直接查看到子frame的元素的,必须switch_to_frame切到该frame下,才能进一步查找
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
try:
browser=webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult') #切换到id为iframeResult的frame
tag1=browser.find_element_by_id('droppable')
print(tag1)
# tag2=browser.find_element_by_id('textareaCode') #报错,在子frame里无法查看到父frame的元素
browser.switch_to.parent_frame() #切回父frame,就可以查找到了
tag2=browser.find_element_by_id('textareaCode')
print(tag2)
finally:
browser.close()
七、其他
模拟浏览器的前进后退
#模拟浏览器的前进后退
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
browser.get('https://www.imooc.com/')
browser.back() # 返回
time.sleep(2)
browser.forward() # 前进
time.sleep(2)
browser.close()
cookies
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
try:
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.add_cookie({'name': 'foo', 'value': 'bar'})
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies())
time.sleep(2)
finally:
browser.close()
选项卡管理
import time
from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com') # 打开百度页面
browser.execute_script('window.open("https://www.taobao.com")') # 打开淘宝
print(browser.window_handles) #获取所有的选项卡
browser.switch_to.window(browser.window_handles[0]) # 切换到第一个选项卡
browser.get('https://www.imooc.com') # 打开淘宝
time.sleep(5)
browser.close()
异常处理
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException,NoSuchElementException,NoSuchFrameException
try:
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult1')
except TimeoutException as e:
print('TimeoutException', e)
except NoSuchFrameException as e:
print('NoSuchFrameException', e)
finally:
browser.close()
八、项目练习
自动登录163邮箱并发送邮件
爬取京东商城商品信息