参考
这个参考不一定能打开，所以读后做个总结。另外，工作中经常用到各类图形，后续根据经济学人等各类材料把各种图形做一个汇总。

1、 bar chart

用途：对比不同类型的数据

• Include multiple bar charts on a dashboard. Helps the viewer quickly compare related information instead of flipping through a bunch of spreadsheets or slides to answer a question.
• Add color to bars for more impact. Showing revenue performance with bars is informative, but overlaying color to reveal profitability provides immediate insight.
• Use stacked bars or side-by-side bars. Displaying related data on top of or next to each other gives depth to your analysis and addresses multiple questions at once.
• Combine bar charts with maps. Set the map to act as a “filter” so when you click on different regions the corresponding bar chart is displayed.
• Put bars on both sides of an axis. Plotting both positive and negative data points along a continuous axis is an effective way to spot trends.

2、 line chart

用途：查看不同时间下数据的趋势

• Combine a line graph with bar charts. A bar chart indicating the volume sold per day of a given stock combined with the line graph of the corresponding stock price can provide visual queues for further investigation.
• Shade the area under lines. When you have two or more line charts, fill the space under the respective lines to create an area chart. This informs a viewer about the relative contribution that line contributes to the whole.

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Transform line charts into area charts.Often when you have two or more sets of data in a line chart it can be helpful to shade the area under the line.

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3、 pie chart

用途：显示比例，注意限制pie的分区个数在6个以内
Limit pie wedges to six. If you have more than six proportions to communicate, consider a bar chart. It becomes too hard to meaningfully interpret the pie pieces when the number of wedges gets too high.
Overlay pies on maps. Pies can be an interesting way to highlight geographical trends in your data. If you choose to use this technique, use pies with only a couple of wedges to keep it easy to understand.

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4、map

5、scatter plot

用途：研究不同变量间的关系

• Add a trend line/line of best fit. By adding a trend line the correlation among your data becomes more clearly defined.
• Incorporate filters. By adding filters to your scatter plots, you can drill down into different views and details quickly to identify patterns in your data.
• Use informative mark types. The story behind some data can be enhanced with a relevant shape.

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6、 gantt chart

用途：
1）Displaying a project schedule. Examples: illustrating key deliverables, owners, and deadlines.
2）Showing other things in use over time. Examples: duration of a machine’s use, availability of players on a team.
Also consider:

Adding color. Changing the color of the bars within the Gantt chart quickly informs viewers about key aspects of the variable.
Combine maps and other chart types with Gantt charts. Including Gantt charts in a dashboard with other chart types allows filtering and drill down to expand the insight provided.

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7、bubble chart

用途：强调数据，反应平面上数据的集中程度

8、histogram chart

用途：直方图用于看数据的分布情况

• Test different groupings of data. When you are exploring your data and looking for groupings or “bins” that make sense, creating a variety of histograms can help you determine the most useful sets of data.
• Add a filter. By offering a way for the viewer to drill down into different categories of data, the histogram becomes a useful tool to explore a lot of data views quickly.

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9、bullet chart

用途：when you've got a goal and want to track progress against it, bullet charts are for you.

• Use color to illustrate achievement thresholds. Including color, such as red, yellow, green as a backdrop to the primary measure lets the viewer quickly understand how performance measures against goals.
• Add bullets to dashboards for summary insights. Combining bullets with other chart types into a dashboard supports productive discussions about where attention is needed to accomplish objectives.

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10、heat maps

用途：两个特征间的相互关系

• Vary the size of squares. By adding a size variation for your squares, heat maps let you know the concentration of two intersecting factors, but add a third element. For example, a heat map could reveal a survey respondent’s sports activity preference and the frequency with which they attend the event based on color, and the size of the square could reflect the number of respondents in that category.
• Using something other than squares. There are times when other types of marks help convey your data in a more impactful way.

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11、 highlight table

没用过，留存

Highlight table shows spending difference.This highlight table compares two 2012 budget proposals for the U.S

12、treemaps

用途：研究数据不同的部分与整体的关系。把数据想成一棵树，每个分支画出一个矩阵，矩阵中显示包含的数据。每个矩阵再被划分成更小的矩阵、更小的分支。通过每个矩阵的大小和颜色，我们看到整体中每个部分的分布情况。

• Coloring the rectangles by a category different from how they are hierarchically structured.
• Combining treemaps with bar charts.

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13、box-and-whisker plot

太复杂，没用过。