陈涉起义

司马迁 〔两汉〕

陈胜者，阳城人也，字涉。吴广者，阳夏人也，字叔。陈涉少时，尝与人佣耕，辍耕之垄上，怅恨久之，曰：“苟富贵，无相忘。”佣者笑而应曰：“若为佣耕，何富贵也？”陈涉太息曰：“嗟乎，燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉！”

二世元年七月，发闾左适戍渔阳九百人，屯大泽乡。陈胜、吴广皆次当行，为屯长。会天大雨，道不通，度已失期。失期，法皆斩。陈胜、吴广乃谋曰：“今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎？”陈胜曰：“天下苦秦久矣。吾闻二世少子也，不当立，当立者乃公子扶苏。扶苏以数谏故，上使外将兵。今或闻无罪，二世杀之。百姓多闻其贤，未知其死也。项燕为楚将，数有功，爱士卒，楚人怜之。或以为死，或以为亡。今诚以吾众诈自称公子扶苏、项燕，为天下唱，宜多应者。”吴广以为然。乃行卜。卜者知其指意，曰：“足下事皆成，有功。然足下卜之鬼乎？”陈胜、吴广喜，念鬼，曰：“此教我先威众耳。”乃丹书帛曰：“陈胜王”，置人所罾鱼腹中。卒买鱼烹食，得鱼腹中书，固以怪之矣。又间令吴广之次所旁丛祠中，夜篝火，狐鸣呼曰：“大楚兴，陈胜王！”卒皆夜惊恐。旦日，卒中往往语，皆指目陈胜。

陈胜是阳城人，字涉。吴广是阳夏人，字叔。陈涉年少的时候，曾经和别人一起被雇佣耕地，有一天他停止耕作走到田埂高地上休息，因失望而叹恨了好一阵子，说：“如果谁将来富贵了，大家不要彼此忘记呀。”受雇佣的同伴笑着回答说：“你一个受雇耕作的人，怎么会富贵呢？”陈胜长叹一声说：“唉，燕雀怎么能知道鸿鹄的志向呢？”

秦二世元年七月，朝廷征发贫苦人民去驻守渔阳，九百人驻扎在大泽乡。陈胜、吴广都被编入谪戍的队伍里面，担任戍守队伍的小头目。正赶上天下大雨，道路不通，估计已经误期。误了期限，按法律都要被斩首。陈胜、吴广于是就商量说：“现在逃跑也是死，起义也是死，同样是死，为国事而死可以吗？”陈胜说：“天下百姓苦于秦朝统治已经很久了。我听说秦二世是始皇帝的小儿子，不应该被立为皇帝，应当被立为皇帝的是公子扶苏。扶苏因为屡次劝谏的缘故，皇上派他在外面带兵。现在有人听说他没有罪，二世杀了他。老百姓大都听说他很贤明，而不知道他死了。项燕是楚国的将领，曾多次立下战功，又爱护士兵，楚国人都很爱戴他。有人认为他死了，有人认为他逃跑了。现在如果把我们的人假称是公子扶苏和项燕的队伍，作为天下首发，应当会有很多响应的人。”吴广认为他讲得对。于是二人就去占卜。占卜的人了解了他们的意图，就说：“你们的大事都能成功，可以建立功业。然而你们把事情向鬼神卜问过吗？”陈胜、吴广很高兴，考虑卜鬼的事情，说：“这是教我们利用鬼神来威服众人罢了。”于是就用丹砂在绸子上写下“陈胜王”，放在别人所捕的鱼的肚子里。士兵们买鱼回来烹食，发现鱼肚子里面的帛书，本来已经对这事感到奇怪了。陈胜又暗地里派吴广到驻地旁边丛林里的神庙中，在夜间提着灯笼，作狐狸嗥叫的凄厉的声音大喊：“大楚将兴，陈胜为王。”士兵们整夜惊恐不安。第二天，士兵们中间议论纷纷，只是指指点点，互相以目示意看着陈胜。

赏析

一文在写作上按事件的发展顺序记事。写起义过程，先写起义的原因和起义前的谋划，再写起义的爆发和发展，直至政权的建立，脉络非常清晰。在记述中，则采取了先因后果的写法。写起义的动机，则先写暴秦的严刑峻法；写起义的发生，则又先写将尉的残酷等等。都入情入理，有力地突出了起义的正义性。文中还通过典型细节的描写，对起义的过程、浩大的声势以及起义领袖的精神面貌，进行了较为充分的展现，从而给人留下了深刻的印象。

此文生动地记述了从大泽乡起义到张楚政权建立这一段历史进程，再现了陈胜、吴广两位起义领袖的英雄本色。陈胜有很高的阶级觉悟，并且怀有“鸿鹄之志”。这表现在佣耕时与同伴的对话中，表现在并杀两尉之后面对徒属所作的讲演中，尤其是“王侯将相宁有种乎”的话语，是对封建世袭制度的有力否定和批判。正是由于他富有远见，他的话具有鼓动性，才能收到徒属皆日“敬受命”的效果。作为起义领袖，陈胜和吴广都能审时度势、机智果断，为起义作出周密的谋划和部署。

“会天大雨，道不通，度已失期。失期，法皆斩”是陈涉等人起义的直接原因。面临必死处境时，陈胜和吴广当机立断，密谋起义，决心率众闯出一条生路来，说明他们对起义的时机把握得很好。二人密谋中，陈胜对时局作了精辟的分析，把握了“天下苦秦久矣”这一社会背景。在这种分析的基础上，决定打出公子扶苏和项燕的旗号——因为“百姓多闻其贤，未知其死也”，“项燕数有功，爱士卒，楚人怜之”，“或以为死，或以为亡”，提出这一口号，则“宜多应者”。他们在卜者启发下，精心策划丹书鱼腹和篝火狐鸣两件“灵异”事件，骗过了其他戍卒的耳目。他们合演的杀将尉的双簧戏，成功地点燃了起义的导火线，这些都能说明他们善于谋划。

后文中的“诸郡县，苦秦吏者”照应上文“天下苦秦久矣”，“皆刑其长吏，杀之以应陈涉”与上文“宜多应者”相呼应，这两句话的前后照应说明了陈胜的分析完全正确，体现了他洞察时局的能力。也正是陈涉这种谋划、洞察的能力，才造成起义一呼百应，并迅速遍及全国局面。

陈胜、吴广在密谋起义之时曾找人算卦，后来又在卜者暗示下演出了丹书和狐鸣两出骗局。这种为推翻一个政权而造舆论的骗术，在中国历史的改朝换代关头屡见不鲜。当广大群众畏天命的意识很浓厚的时候，举事者想要“威众”，以种种骗术把自己表现成受命于天的超人是最取巧、最见效的手法。然而，陈胜、吴广自己并不迷信天命，“王侯将相宁有种乎”才是他们的真实思想。作者司马迁更在记叙陈胜、吴广行卜时，特意点破“卜者知其指意”，既“知其指意”，则“足下事皆成，有功”云云，至于“卜之鬼乎”，分明是在参与密谋。《陈涉世家》在行文中使此类骗术昭然若揭，《高祖本纪》中对刘邦制造的斩蛇之类的神话也持保留态度，这都体现了司马迁进步的的历史观。

两个将尉在大泽乡起义中并没有过失，他们和吴广的一场冲突是起义领袖预谋的，但最终仍不免一死。这是因为他们是秦王朝势力的代表人物，在残酷的阶级斗争面前，充当了起义军的对立面，故难逃成为牺牲品的命运。攻下蕲县这第一个县城后，陈胜和吴广及时派葛婴带领人马到蕲县以东开辟新战场，以便迅速打开局面，同时不失时机地立国称王，建立起农民政权。这些都说明他们在起义初期战略战术运用得当，成功地担当了领袖的责任。陈胜在战斗中披坚执锐、身先士卒，吴广“素爱人，士卒多为用者”，这些都是领袖人物不可或缺的素质，在陈胜、吴广身上明显地体现出来。

上述人物性格特点是通过具体事件或细节的记叙表现出来的，不难看出，《史记》在为一个个历史人物立传时，不仅记录其生平大端，而且注意揭示人物的精神风貌，同时展示与人物活动相关的背景、环境，从而再现当时社会生活的真实画面，这正是《史记》文学性的主要体现。

Chen involveduprising

Sima Qian [HanDynasty]

Chen Sheng,Yangcheng people also, the word wade. Wu Guang, Yangxia people also, worduncle. Chen Shue young, taste and people commission tillage, stop tillage onthe ridge, disappointed for a long time, said: "wealth, no phaseforget." The servant smiled and answered, "If you work for theservant, why is there wealth?" Chen Zhe too rest Yue: "Jie, swallowsparrow Ann know lofty ambition zai!"

The first Julyof the second world, the hair LvZuo Shi Yu Yang 900 people, Tuen Daze township.Chen Sheng, Wu Guang all the time when line, for Tuen Mun long. It will rainheavily, the road is blocked, the degree has lost period. Lost period, law arecut. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang said, "The present death is also dead, andthe great plan is also dead. If we wait for death, will the country die?"Chen Sheng said, "The world has been bitter for a long time. I heard thatthe second son also, should not be established, when the son Fusu. Fusuremonstrated with a number of anecdotes, on the foreign general. Now or smellinnocent, the second kill it. The people heard much about his virtues, but didnot know his death. Xiang Yan for Chu, the number of meritorious service, lovesoldiers, Chu pity. Either he thought he was dead or he thought he was dead.This sincere to my many cheat self-proclaimed childe Fusu, Xiang Yan, sing forthe world, should be more." Wu Guang thought so. Is the line ab. Knowinghis meaning, he said, "The first step is a success. But the ghost of thestep?" Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi, reading about ghosts, said, "Thisteaches me to intimidate the ears first." Dan wrote down the book andsaid, "King Chen Sheng," and just put it in the stomach of the fish.Pawn to buy fish cooking, fish belly book, solid to strange. In the temple nextto Wu Guangzhi, the night campfire, the fox cried, "Big Chu Xing, KingChen Sheng!" All the dead are frightened at night. Denier, stroke oftenlanguage, all refer to Chen Sheng.

Chen Sheng is anative of Yangcheng, and his character is involved. Wu Guang was born inYangxia. Chen She was young, had been hired to plow with others, one day hestopped farming and went to rest on the ridge of the field, because ofdisappointment and sigh hate for a good while, said: "if who in the futurerich, we do not forget each other ah." His hired companion smiled andreplied, "How can you be rich and prosperous if you are employed to cultivate?"Chen Sheng heaved A sigh and said: "Alas, HOW can a bird know the ambitionof a swan?"

In July of thefirst year of the Second Emperor of Qin, the government recruited the poorpeople to garrison Yuyang. Nine hundred people were stationed in Daze Township.Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were relegated to the ranks and served as pettycommanders of the garrison. It is raining heavily and the roads are blocked. Itis estimated that the schedule has been delayed. If you miss the deadline,you're legally beheaded. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang then discussed and said,"Now fleeing is also death, insurrection is also death, is it OK to diefor state affairs?" Chen Sheng said, "The people of the world havebeen suffering under the rule of the Qin Dynasty for a long time. I heard thatthe second Emperor of Qin was the youngest son of the first Emperor, so heshould not be made emperor. It was Childe Fusu who should be made emperor.Because of Fusu's repeated remonstrations, the emperor sent him to lead histroops outside. Now it was heard that he was innocent, and the second killedhim. Most of the people heard that he was wise and wise, but did not know thathe was dead. Xiang Yan was a general of the State of Chu. He had made greatachievements in battle for many times and loved his soldiers. The people of Chuloved him very much. Some think he's dead, others think he ran away. Now if wepretend that our people are Childe Fusu and Xiang Yan's team, as the world'sfirst, there should be a lot of people who will respond." Wu Guang thoughthe was right. So they went to look for fortune. When the soothsayer understoodtheir intention, he said, "You will succeed in all the great things youdo, and you will build up your success. But have you consulted ghosts andspirits about it?" Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were very pleased. Consideringthe matter of ghost divination, they said, "This is to teach us to useghosts and spirits to intimidate people." So he wrote "King ChenSheng" on silk with red sand and put it in the belly of the fish that othershad caught. The soldiers were already surprised when they came back to cook thefish and found the silk text inside the fish. Chen Sheng secretly sent Wu Guangto the temple in the jungle next to the station. At night, he carried a lanternand shouted in a miserable voice like a fox howling: "The great Chu willbe Xing, and Chen Sheng will be the king." The soldiers were frightenedall night. The next day, there was a lot of discussion among the soldiers. Theyjust pointed and looked at Chen Sheng with each other's eyes.

appreciation

In writing,events are recorded in the order in which they develop. Writing the process ofthe uprising, first write the cause of the uprising and the planning before theuprising, and then write the outbreak and development of the uprising, untilthe establishment of the regime, the context is very clear. In the description,the author adopted the writing method of first cause and consequence. Write themotive of the uprising, then write the harsh punishment of the Qin Dynasty;Write the occurrence of the uprising, then write first the cruelty of thelieutenant and so on. All were reasonable and strongly highlighted the justiceof the uprising. In addition, through the description of typical details, theprocess of the uprising, the great momentum and the spiritual outlook of theuprising leader are fully displayed, so as to leave a deep impression onpeople.

This articlevividly describes the historical process from the Daze Township uprising to theestablishment of the Zhang Chu regime, and reproduces the heroic qualities ofthe two uprising leaders, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang. Chen Sheng has high classconsciousness and has "lofty ambitions".  It is because of his foresight, his words areinspiring, only then can they receive the effect of "obeying orders".As the leaders of the uprising, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were able to assess thesituation, be resourceful and decisive, and make careful plans and arrangementsfor the uprising.

"It willrain heavily, the road is blocked, and the time is out of date. Lost period,law is cut "is the direct cause of Chen She et al. Faced with theinevitable situation of death, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang made a quick decision toplot an uprising, determined to lead their people to a way out of the uprising,which shows that they had a good grasp of the timing of the uprising. In 2people plot, Chen Sheng made incisive analysis to current situation, grasped"the world is bitter Qin long Yi" this one social background. On thebasis of this analysis, decided to play the banner of Childe Fusu and Xiang Yan-- because "the people heard more about their virtues, unknown their deathalso", "Xiang Yan number of merit, love soldiers, Chu people feelsorry for", "or think death, or think death", put forward thisslogan, "it is appropriate to respond to more". They under the tellerinspired, masterminded the stomach and a rebellion is afoot. Dan book two"paranormal" event, deceive the other shuzu eyes and ears. They actedtogether to kill the lieutenant of the double reed play, successfully lit thefuse of the uprising, these can show that they are good at planning.

In the lattertext, "In all counties, the officials who suffered from Qin"corresponds to the above "the world suffered from Qin for a longtime", "all the officials were punished, and they should be killed inresponse to Chen She" echoes the above "many officials should bekilled", which shows that Chen Sheng's analysis is completely correct andreflects his ability of insight into the current situation. It was Chen's abilityto plan and see that led to the uprising, which quickly spread throughout thecountry.

Chen Sheng, WuGuang in the plot of the uprising had asked people to calculate the divination,and later in the Bu implied that the performance of Dan book and fox Ming twohoax. This kind of deception to create public opinion to overthrow a politicalpower is common at the moment of change in Chinese history. When theCONSCIOUSNESS OF THE BROAD MASSES AFRAID of the DESTINY is very strong, theperson who makes a story wants to "IMPERIl the people", with avariety of deceITful techniques to show himself as the superman who is orderedby the day is the most skillful, the most effective gmeans.  The author Sima Qian more in the descriptionof Chen Sheng, Wu Guang walk, deliberately point broken "the person whoknows the meaning of the meaning", "know the meaning of themeaning", then "the step is accomplished, merit" Yun Yun, as for"the ghost of the Bu", is clearly involved in the plot. Sima Qian'sprogressive view of history is reflected in the fact that Chen Shi's Familymakes such deception clear in its writings, and in the book of the Emperor'sAncestors, which also has reservations about myths such as the cutting ofsnakes created by Liu Bang.

The two generalswere not at fault in the uprising in Daze Township. A conflict between them andWu Guang was premeditated by the uprising leader, but they were inevitablykilled in the end. This is because they are the representatives of the QinDynasty forces, in the face of the brutal class struggle, as the opposite ofthe rebel army, so they cannot escape the fate of victims. After capturing thefirst county of Kuti County, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang promptly sent Ge Ying tothe east of Kuti County to open up a new battlefield, so as to quickly open upthe situation and lose no time in establishing the country as king andestablishing the peasant regime. All these show that they used their strategiesand tactics properly in the early stage of the uprising and succeeded in assumingthe responsibility of leaders. Chen Sheng took the lead in the battle, and WuGuang "always loved people, and his soldiers were mostly used". Theseare indispensable qualities of leaders, which are clearly reflected in ChenSheng and Wu Guang.

The personalityis through specific events or details of narrative, it is not hard to see,shiji biography for each historical figures, not only record the big end of itslife, and pay attention to reveal the characters' spirit, at the same timedisplay characters activities related background, environment, so as torepresent the true picture of social life at that time, This is the mainembodiment of the literariness of Shiji.