跖骨短小症(brachmetatarsia)
概述
跖骨短小症是因为先天性或后天性原因导致的跖骨异常短小。第1和第4跖骨最常受累。跖骨短小症可能是先天性的、获得性的、病理性的或者是其他的一些综合征的一种临床表现。先天性跖骨短小症有明显的遗传倾向。
流行病学
The largest published series investigated healthy Japanese school children and reported the incidence of brachymetatarsia to be between 0.022% (1 in 4586) and 0.05% (1 in 1820) with a female predominance of 25:1. Bilateral shortening is noted in 72% of congenital cases and short fourth or fifth metacarpals was associated with fourth brachymetatarsia in 14% of patients. Hereditary patterns have been described in some families and may occur as recessive traits that skip several generations.
解剖
正常足的5个跖骨头顶点连线呈圆滑的抛物线。当跖骨离抛物线相距大于等于5mm时,就可以诊断为跖骨短小。
Harris and Beath studied 7167 military recruits and found that the first metatarsal was longer than the second in 40%, shorter than the second in 38%, and equal in length in 22%.
临床表现
先天性跖骨短小症的外观表现为相对应脚趾短小,其实质是跖骨短缩。常表现为脚趾畸形、仰趾畸形、爪形趾、足弓塌陷、胼胝形成,严重者行走出现疼痛等。
治疗
保守治疗:跖骨垫、趾套、矫形护具等。
手术治疗:当出现疼痛时。
最常用的手术方法为一次性延长术和外固定架延长术。
治疗-一次情形延长术
适应征:跖骨短缩1.5cm以内并引起足底痛性胼胝,临床症状显著,保守治疗无效
禁忌征:严重骨质疏松者;跖骨基底部跖骨直径小于1cm者及有一般外科手术禁忌证者
延长极限:1.5cm
治疗-牵拉延长术
适应征:跖骨短缩在1.5cm以上并引起足底痛性胼胝,临床症状显著,保守治疗无效
禁忌征:跖骨直径小于1cm、跖骨有成角或弯曲等畸形难以骨延长者,严重骨质疏松者及有一般外科手术禁忌者。
术后:术后当天起,每天2次沿跖骨纵轴牵开外固定架,每次0.25mm;2周后增加至每天3次,每次0.25mm。
Ilizarov外固定架:术后5-7天开始以每天0.5-1mm速率分3-4次进行延长。
待延长长度达到要求,延长部位已临床愈合时,可去除外固定器,但克氏针要到骨性愈合后方可拔除。