2017年8月1日
有目的的练习Purposeful Practice
一开始,书中像讲故事一样,作者讲述了他给一名大学生 Steve正在做的短期记忆的训练。一开始,Steve就像普通路人一样,如果每秒读出一个数字的话,他只能记忆7-8个,极限是9个数字,这时候Steve认为已经到了他短期记忆的极限了,他不可能再有进步了。
确实短期记忆对于记忆数量有着严格的限制,Steve到了他的极限。但是作者却这么认为,他和Steve改进了记忆的方法,首先从一个随机的、有5个数字的数字串开始,如果史蒂夫记住了,会读6个数字。如果他又记住了,再增加到7个数字。依此类推。每次给数字串上增加1个数字,他都可以记住。如果他记错了,会将数字串的长度缩短2个数字,然后再继续。就这样训练下来,两年时间,Steve竟然能记住82个数字了!
随着年代的更迭,各项纪录不断在刷新,各个领域的杰出人物不断涌现,许多人拥有超常的能力,那些能力超过人类历史上任何时代的人们所拥有的能力。然而尽管这些能力非常卓越,但关于这些人如何开发这些超常能力,却并没有秘密可言。他们练习,大量地练习。
While the abilities are extradrdinary ,there is no mystery at all about how these people developed them.They practiced .A lot.
作者多年来一直致力于研究理解练习到底可以怎样帮助我们创造新的能力和拓展已有的能力,同时特别关注那些运用反复不断的练习,最终成为他们所在行业或领域中世界最佳的人。作者发现,不论什么行业,不论什么领域,音乐也好,体育也好,象棋也好,最有效的那些练习,全都遵循同样一些普遍原则。The most effective types of pratice all follow the same set of general principles.
答案就是,在任何行业或领域之中,最有效的和最强大的那类练习,都通过充分利用人类的身体与大脑的适应能力,来逐步地创造出能够做到一些过去不可能的事情的能力。
The answer is that the most effectuve and most powerful types of pratice in any field work by harnessing the adaptability of the human body and brain to creat ,step by step,the ability to do things that were previously not possible.
各种各样的练习都可能有效,但其中一种特殊的形式则是黄金标准,“刻意练习”deliberate practice。这是我们知道的最有效和最强大的练习形式,可以适用于任何行业任何领域。
Purposeful Practice
为了让我们可以更深入的了解刻意练习,作者先介绍了其他一些基本的练习方式,也是我们大家最经常经历到的。比如你想学习一项新技能,以打网球为例,首先,你对网球很感兴趣,你想学习,然后你需要去买一些网球设备,配置,然后得去花钱上课,老师告诉你一些技巧,你需要多加练习,慢慢地,你的技术提高,你已经打得很不错了,甚至还可以参加比赛了,你的网球已经完全达到通常意义上的很不错的水平,在球场上,你的所有动作都是自动做出的,你的表现也被人们所接受,不需要太多的思考,如此一来,你可以真正在球场上放松,享受比赛。但是你也会发现,你还是有些弱点,有些难度较大的球接不到,但也没什么大碍。
其实生活中我们普通人恐怕好多都有这样的经历,你学一样技能,从最开始的一无所知,经过勤奋练习,成果显著,你已经学会了,达到了你的预期水平,已经够了。我们在生活中所做的事情,很多只需要我们达到中等水平便可以了。
但在这里,你要理解一件非常重要的事情:一旦你已经达到了这种令你满意的技能水平,而且能做到自然而然地表现出你的水平,你就已经不再进步了。
Once a person reaches that level of acceptable performance and automaticity, the additional years pratice don't lead to improvement.
普通人总会对此有些误解,他们认为只要你继续努力,继续练习,你的网球可以打得更好,你的钢琴可以弹的更好,也许进步会比较缓慢,但最终还是会很出色的。但是,现实并不是这样。研究表明,一般而言,一旦某个人的表现达到了“可接受”的水平,并且可以做到自动化,那么,再多“练习”几年,也不会有什么进步。比如说有些干了20年的老医生还不如干了五年的医生水平高,原因就是因为他们熟练以后,没有刻意练习去提高,那些自动化的能力慢慢就会退化了。我想大家都知道努力坚持的重要性,当遇到困难的时候,也都会自己给自己鼓劲Try hard,但是也许这时候你就是在重复毫无意义的事情,毫无进步可言。但是好多并不知道问题出在哪里?该如何做到自我突破?其实好多时候,一味的坚持,努力,继续未必是正确的,当发现效果进展不如人意的时候,就要停下来,好好思索,尝试一下不同的方法,路线Try differently。
我们该如何提高?该怎样突破?这便是Steve在经过几次练习之后发现他自己所处的情形,已经到极限了。然而他后来采取了一种训练方式,最终突破了自己的极限,这种练习我们称之为“有目的的练习”Purposeful Practice。这种方法比通常的方法更有效一些,而且,是通向刻意练习的第一步,而我们的最终目标便是刻意练习deliberate practice。
单词部分
1.sound 书中例句 Steve was already beginning to sound discouraged.
词典v..1.听起来似乎;听着好像 When you talk about the way someone sounds, you are describing the impression you have of them when they speak.
造句 She sounded a bit worried
2.某物)听起来 When you are describing a noise, you can talk about the way it sounds .
● They heard what sounded like a huge explosion...
The creaking of the hinges sounded very loud in that silence.
2.hit or miss 书中例句 He usually got the eight-digit strings right,but ,ine digits was hit or miss.
词典 adj.as l ikely to be bad as to be good, esp. because of not being planned or organized well:遇事现打主意的,没有计划性的,
造句 He did a lot of hit or miss reading。
It was a very hit or miss affair, totally lacking any kind of organization.
3.run into a wall 字面意思 撞到了墙
The bus get out of control and run into a wall.
引申为遇到困难 书中例子 So it is no surprise that he was running into wall at numbers that were about eight or nine digits long.
相似词组run into a stone wall 遇到困难
I seem to have run into a stone wall.Can you help me out?
run into a stone wall还有另外一层意思:碰壁 遭到拒绝
Life is hard,and maybe we could run into a stone wall unexpectedly.
类似词语还有run into a blank wall
He isn't in good mood these days,so you will run into a blank wall if you speak to him.
4.intrigue v.书中例句That was exactly the sort of question that most intrigued me.
词典 尤指奇怪的事物)迷住,激起…的好奇心 If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.
造句 You've really intrigued me─tell me more!
5.delve into v.书中例句But before we delve into the details of deliberate practice,it will be best if we spend a little time underatanding some more basic types of practice.
词典1.探究;钻研 If you delve into something, you try to discover new information about it.
造句 If you're interested in a subject, use the Internet to delve deeper..
2.(在壁橱、袋子等中)搜寻,翻找 If you delve inside something such as a cupboard or a bag, you search inside it.
● She delved into her rucksack and pulled out a folder.
.
6.pro 1.n.书中例句You even end up hitting the ball like a pro.
词典 职业人员;专业人员 从事某职业的人;职业运动员;职业选手;老手A pro is a professional.
造句 He handled the situation like an old pro
2.adj.(运动员、体育运动)职业的,专业的 A pro player is a professional sportsman or woman. You can also use pro to refer to sports that are played by professional sportsmen or women.
...a former college and pro basketball player.
7.stall v.书中例句 If you're not completely satisfied with your level of play,your improvement stalls.
词典1.(VERB) 拖延 If you stall, you try to avoid doing something until later.
造句Thomas had spent all week stalling over his decision.
2.暂时阻止;把…拖住 If you stall someone, you prevent them from doing something until a later time.
He stalled the man until the police arrived.
3(使)突然熄火 If a vehicle stalls or if you accidentally stall it, the engine stops suddenly.
The engine stalled.
4.(使)(进程)暂停;(使)推后 If a process stalls, or if someone or something stalls it, the process stops but may continue at a later time.
The plan stalled for some reasons.