为了阐述本章的一些概念，我们选择了bike sharing数据集做实验。这个数据集记录了bike
sharing系统每小时自行车的出租次数。另外还包括日期、时间、天气、季节和节假日等相关信息。

[hadoop@master spark]$ wget http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/00275/Bike-Sharing-Dataset.zip
[hadoop@master spark]$ tar xvf Bike-Sharing-Dataset.zip 

[hadoop@master spark]$ sed 1d hour.csv > hour_noheader.csv
[hadoop@master spark]$ hdfs dfs -put hour_noheader.csv ML/
[hadoop@master spark]$ cat Readme.txt 

Dataset characteristics
=========================================   
Both hour.csv and day.csv have the following fields, except hr which is not available in day.csv
    
    - instant: record index
    - dteday : date
    - season : season (1:springer, 2:summer, 3:fall, 4:winter)
    - yr : year (0: 2011, 1:2012)
    - mnth : month ( 1 to 12)
    - hr : hour (0 to 23)
    - holiday : weather day is holiday or not (extracted from http://dchr.dc.gov/page/holiday-schedule)
    - weekday : day of the week
    - workingday : if day is neither weekend nor holiday is 1, otherwise is 0.
    + weathersit : 
        - 1: Clear, Few clouds, Partly cloudy, Partly cloudy
        - 2: Mist + Cloudy, Mist + Broken clouds, Mist + Few clouds, Mist
        - 3: Light Snow, Light Rain + Thunderstorm + Scattered clouds, Light Rain + Scattered clouds
        - 4: Heavy Rain + Ice Pallets + Thunderstorm + Mist, Snow + Fog
    - temp : Normalized temperature in Celsius. The values are divided to 41 (max)
    - atemp: Normalized feeling temperature in Celsius. The values are divided to 50 (max)
    - hum: Normalized humidity. The values are divided to 100 (max)
    - windspeed: Normalized wind speed. The values are divided to 67 (max)
    - casual: count of casual users
    - registered: count of registered users
    - cnt: count of total rental bikes including both casual and registered
    
=========================================

加载和查看数据集

export PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON=/usr/local/program/python2.7/bin/python
export PYSPARK_PYTHON=/usr/local/program/python2.7/bin/python[hadoop@master ~]$ pyspark --master yarn --driver-memory 4G
>>> raw_data = sc.textFile("ML/hour_noheader.csv")
>>> num_data = raw_data.count()
>>> records = raw_data.map(lambda x: x.split(","))                              
>>> first = records.first()
>>> print first
[u'1', u'2011-01-01', u'1', u'0', u'1', u'0', u'0', u'6', u'0', u'1', u'0.24', u'0.2879', u'0.81', u'0', u'3', u'13', u'16']
>>> print num_data
17379
>>> records.cache()
PythonRDD[4] at RDD at PythonRDD.scala:48

为了将类型特征表示成二维形式，我们将特征值映射到二元向量中非0的位置

def get_mapping(rdd, idx):
    return rdd.map(lambda fields: fields[idx]).distinct().zipWithIndex().collectAsMap()
    
>>> print "Mapping of first categorical feasture column: %s" % get_mapping(records, 2)
Mapping of first categorical feasture column: {u'1': 0, u'3': 1, u'2': 2, u'4': 3}

#8个类型变量
mappings = [get_mapping(records, i) for i in range(2,10)]
>>> print mappings
[{u'1': 0, u'3': 1, u'2': 2, u'4': 3}, {u'1': 0, u'0': 1}, {u'11': 0, u'10': 6, u'12': 7, u'1': 1, u'3': 2, u'2': 8, u'5': 3, u'4': 9, u'7': 4, u'6': 10, u'9': 5, u'8': 11}, {u'20': 2, u'21': 14, u'22': 4, u'23': 15, u'1': 6, u'0': 18, u'3': 7, u'2': 19, u'5': 8, u'4': 20, u'7': 9, u'6': 21, u'9': 10, u'8': 22, u'11': 0, u'10': 12, u'13': 1, u'12': 13, u'15': 11, u'14': 23, u'17': 3, u'16': 17, u'19': 5, u'18': 16}, {u'1': 0, u'0': 1}, {u'1': 0, u'0': 3, u'3': 1, u'2': 4, u'5': 2, u'4': 5, u'6': 6}, {u'1': 0, u'0': 1}, {u'1': 0, u'3': 1, u'2': 2, u'4': 3}]

#计算完每个变量的映射之后，统计一下最终二元向量的总长度
#这里的len是函数len
cat_len = sum(map(len, mappings))
num_len = len(records.first()[11:15])
total_len = num_len + cat_len

>>> print "Feature vector length for categorical features: %d" % cat_len
Feature vector length for categorical features: 57
>>> print "Feature vector length for numerical features: %d" % num_len
Feature vector length for numerical features: 4
>>> print "Total feature vector length: %d" % total_len
Total feature vector length: 61

为线性模型创建特征向量
用上面的映射函数将所有类型特征转换为二元编码的特征。为了方便对每条记录提取特征和标签，我们分别定义两个辅助函数extract_features和extract_label

from pyspark.mllib.regression import LabeledPoint
import numpy as np

def extract_features(record):
    cat_vec = np.zeros(cat_len)
    i = 0
    step = 0
    for field in record[2:9]:
        #m是一个字典
        m = mappings[i]
        idx = m[field]
        cat_vec[idx + step] = 1
        i = i + 1
        step = step + len(m)
    num_vec = np.array([float(field) for field in record[10:14]])
    return np.concatenate((cat_vec, num_vec))

def extract_label(record):
    #pyhotn的数组可以看成一个环，所以-1就是第0个的前一个，也就是最后一个
    return float(record[-1])
    
data = records.map(lambda r: LabeledPoint(extract_label(r), extract_features(r)))
first_point = data.first()
>>> print "Raw data: " + str(first[2:])
Raw data: [u'1', u'0', u'1', u'0', u'0', u'6', u'0', u'1', u'0.24', u'0.2879', u'0.81', u'0', u'3', u'13', u'16']
>>> print "Label: " + str(first_point.label)
Label: 16.0
>>> print "Linear Model feature vector:\n" + str(first_point.features)
Linear Model feature vector:
[1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.24,0.2879,0.81,0.0]
>>> print "Linear Model feature vector length: " + str(len(first_point.features))
Linear Model feature vector length: 61

为决策树创建特征向量
决策树模型可以直接使用原始数据（不需要将类型数据用二元向量表示）。因此，只需要创建一个分割函数简单地将所有数值转换为浮点数，最后用numpy的array封装

def extract_features_dt(record):
    return np.array(map(float, record[2:14]))
data_dt = records.map(lambda r: LabeledPoint(extract_label(r),extract_features_dt(r)))
first_point_dt = data_dt.first()

>>> print "Decision Tree feature vector: " + str(first_point_dt.features)
Decision Tree feature vector: [1.0,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,6.0,0.0,1.0,0.24,0.2879,0.81,0.0]
>>> print "Decision Tree feature vector length: " + str(len(first_point_dt.features))
Decision Tree feature vector length: 12