常见日期处理函数
-
NOW([fsp])
返回当前的日期和时间,格式为:'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' 或 'YYYYMMDDHHMMSS'。具体使用哪种格式取决于NOW()
函数使用的环境(字符串/数字)。mysql> SELECT NOW(); +---------------------+ | NOW() | +---------------------+ | 2019-03-28 06:46:39 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0; +----------------+ | NOW() + 0 | +----------------+ | 20190328064659 | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
还可以在函数中提供一个fsp参数(0-6)来指定秒数的精度:
mysql> SELECT NOW(6); +----------------------------+ | NOW(6) | +----------------------------+ | 2019-03-28 06:47:11.620058 | +----------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
NOW()
和SYSDATE()
都可以返回当前时间,二者的区别在于,NOW()
返回的时包含该函数的语句开始运行的时间,而SYSDATE()
返回的是函数执行的时间。另一个区别是,在执行SET TIMESTAMP
语句后,SYSDATE()
的返回值不受影响,而NOW()
则会返回设定的值。 -
CURDATE()
返回当前的日期,格式为:'YYYY-MM-DD' 或 'YYYYMMDD'。具体使用哪种格式取决于该函数使用的环境(字符串/数字)。mysql> SELECT CURDATE(); +------------+ | CURDATE() | +------------+ | 2019-03-28 | +------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT CURDATE() + 0; +---------------+ | CURDATE() + 0 | +---------------+ | 20190328 | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
CURTIME([fsp])
返回当前的时间,格式为:'HH:MM:SS' 或 'HHMMSS'。具体使用哪种格式取决于该函数使用的环境(字符串/数字)。还可以在函数中提供一个fsp参数(0-6)来指定秒数的精度:mysql> SELECT CURTIME(); +-----------+ | CURTIME() | +-----------+ | 07:03:54 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT CURTIME() + 0; +---------------+ | CURTIME() + 0 | +---------------+ | 70404 | +---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT CURTIME(6) + 0; +----------------+ | CURTIME(6) + 0 | +----------------+ | 70416.578713 | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
DATE(expr)
提取日期表达式/日期时间表达式中的日期部分。mysql> SELECT DATE('2010-10-05 09:29:45'); +-----------------------------+ | DATE('2010-10-05 09:29:45') | +-----------------------------+ | 2010-10-05 | +-----------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
EXTRACT(unit FROM date)
从日期表达式/日期时间表达式中提取给定的unit。mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2008-09-12'); +---------------------------------+ | EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2008-09-12') | +---------------------------------+ | 2008 | +---------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM '2008-09-12'); +------------------------------------+ | EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM '2008-09-12') | +------------------------------------+ | 3 | +------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2008-09-12'); +---------------------------------------+ | EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2008-09-12') | +---------------------------------------+ | 200809 | +---------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR_MICROSECOND FROM '2008-09-12 12:23:55.023111'); +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | EXTRACT(HOUR_MICROSECOND FROM '2008-09-12 12:23:55.023111') | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | 122355023111 | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
常见的unit值和其对应的格式如下表:
unit Value Expected expr Format MICROSECOND
MICROSECONDS
SECOND
SECONDS
MINUTE
MINUTES
HOUR
HOURS
DAY
DAYS
WEEK
WEEKS
MONTH
MONTHS
QUARTER
QUARTERS
YEAR
YEARS
SECOND_MICROSECOND
'SECONDS.MICROSECONDS'
MINUTE_MICROSECOND
'MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS'
MINUTE_SECOND
'MINUTES:SECONDS'
HOUR_MICROSECOND
'HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS'
HOUR_SECOND
'HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS'
HOUR_MINUTE
'HOURS:MINUTES'
DAY_MICROSECOND
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS.MICROSECONDS'
DAY_SECOND
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES:SECONDS'
DAY_MINUTE
'DAYS HOURS:MINUTES'
DAY_HOUR
'DAYS HOURS'
YEAR_MONTH
'YEARS-MONTHS'
-
DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit), DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit)
这两个函数可以对日期进行数学计算。date
参数指定了起始的日期/日期时间值expr
参数指定了需要在起始日期的基础上增加/减少的时间区间。expr
被视为一个字符串,可以以'-'开始去表示一个负的间隔。unit
表示expr
的格式,标明了expr
该以何种方式进行翻译返回值可能为:
-
DATE
:当date
参数为一个日期表达式,并且计算过程中只涉及了DATE, MONTH, DAY
。 -
DATETIME
:当date
参数为一个日期时间表达式/时间戳,或者unit
值使用了HOURS, MINUTES, SECONDS
。 - 除了1,2以外的其他情况均返回字符串。
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2009-03-11', INTERVAL 1 DAY); +----------------------------------------+ | DATE_ADD('2009-03-11', INTERVAL 1 DAY) | +----------------------------------------+ | 2009-03-12 | +----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2009-03-12', INTERVAL 1 YEAR); +-----------------------------------------+ | DATE_SUB('2009-03-12', INTERVAL 1 YEAR) | +-----------------------------------------+ | 2008-03-12 | +-----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2009-04-10 19:34:12', INTERVAL '25:48' MINUTE_SECOND); +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | DATE_ADD('2009-04-10 19:34:12', INTERVAL '25:48' MINUTE_SECOND) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2009-04-10 20:00:00 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
-
DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2)
返回expr1-expr2
日期的差值(DAY
),expr1
和expr2
可以是日期表达式/日期时间表达式,但是只有日期部分会参与运算。mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2009-01-01','2008-01-01'); +-------------------------------------+ | DATEDIFF('2009-01-01','2008-01-01') | +-------------------------------------+ | 366 | +-------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2010-10-01 20:12:34','2010-09-30 12:34:22'); +-------------------------------------------------------+ | DATEDIFF('2010-10-01 20:12:34','2010-09-30 12:34:22') | +-------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | +-------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
-
DATE_FORMAT(date, format)
根据format
指定的格式返回日期。format
是一个我们指定的模版,我们通过使用区分符来指定我们想要的某种特殊格式。mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2000-10-01','%b,%D,%Y'); +--------------------------------------+ | DATE_FORMAT('2000-10-01','%b,%D,%Y') | +--------------------------------------+ | Oct,1st,2000 | +--------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2010-08-27','day of the week: %w'); +-------------------------------------------------+ | DATE_FORMAT('2010-08-27','day of the week: %w') | +-------------------------------------------------+ | day of the week: 5 | +-------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
format
是一个包含有区分符(specifier)的字符串,常用的区分符有:
Specifier | Description |
---|---|
%a |
Abbreviated weekday name (Sun ..Sat ) |
%b |
Abbreviated month name (Jan ..Dec ) |
%c |
Month, numeric (0 ..12 ) |
%D |
Day of the month with English suffix (0th , 1st , 2nd , 3rd , …) |
%d |
Day of the month, numeric (00 ..31 ) |
%e |
Day of the month, numeric (0 ..31 ) |
%f |
Microseconds (000000 ..999999 ) |
%H |
Hour (00 ..23 ) |
%h |
Hour (01 ..12 ) |
%I |
Hour (01 ..12 ) |
%i |
Minutes, numeric (00 ..59 ) |
%j |
Day of year (001 ..366 ) |
%k |
Hour (0 ..23 ) |
%l |
Hour (1 ..12 ) |
%M |
Month name (January ..December ) |
%m |
Month, numeric (00 ..12 ) |
%p |
AM or PM
|
%r |
Time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss followed by AM or PM ) |
%S |
Seconds (00 ..59 ) |
%s |
Seconds (00 ..59 ) |
%T |
Time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss ) |
%U |
Week (00 ..53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 0 |
%u |
Week (00 ..53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 1 |
%V |
Week (01 ..53 ), where Sunday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 2; used with %X
|
%v |
Week (01 ..53 ), where Monday is the first day of the week; WEEK() mode 3; used with %x
|
%W |
Weekday name (Sunday ..Saturday ) |
%w |
Day of the week (0 =Sunday..6 =Saturday) |
%X |
Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %V
|
%x |
Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with %v
|
%Y |
Year, numeric, four digits |
%y |
Year, numeric (two digits) |
%% |
A literal % character |
%*x* |
x, for any “x” not listed above |
-
ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr, days)
当使用
INTERVAL
作为第二个参数时,ADDDATE()
与DATE_ADD()
的用法是相同的。当使用
days
作为第二个参数时,MySQL会把days
当作一个整数的天数添加到expr
。mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2011-10-01', 20); +---------------------------+ | ADDDATE('2011-10-01', 20) | +---------------------------+ | 2011-10-21 | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
ADDTIME(expr1, expr2)
expr1
是一个时间表达式/日期时间表达式expr2
是一个时间表达式ADDTIME()
会在expr1
的基础上加上expr2
,并返回结果mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('2001-01-01 16:19:29', '00:10:01.1111'); +-------------------------------------------------+ | ADDTIME('2001-01-01 16:19:29', '00:10:01.1111') | +-------------------------------------------------+ | 2001-01-01 16:29:30.111100 | +-------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
DAY(date)
是DAYOFMONTH()
的同义词,返回date
中的日期是该月的哪一天,范围1~31。mysql> SELECT DAY('2018-04-12 18:45:26'); +----------------------------+ | DAY('2018-04-12 18:45:26') | +----------------------------+ | 12 | +----------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
YEAR()
返回日期所在的年份,范围1000~9999。mysql> SELECT YEAR('1999-03-04'); +--------------------+ | YEAR('1999-03-04') | +--------------------+ | 1999 | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
常用的文本处理函数
-
LEFT(str,len)
返回str
字符串中最左侧的len
个字符,如果参数为NULL
则返回NULL
。mysql> SELECT LEFT('lifetime',4); +--------------------+ | LEFT('lifetime',4) | +--------------------+ | life | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec)
-
RIGHT(str,len)
返回str
字符串中最右侧的len
个字符,如果参数为NULL
则返回NULL
。mysql> SELECT RIGHT('lifetime',4); +---------------------+ | RIGHT('lifetime',4) | +---------------------+ | time | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
LENGTH(str)
返回str
字符串的长度,以字节计算,一个多字节字符会按照多个字节计算长度。而当使用CHAR_LENGTH()
时,会将一个多字节字符以一个字节计算长度,即长度为1。mysql> SELECT LENGTH('lifetime'); +--------------------+ | LENGTH('lifetime') | +--------------------+ | 8 | +--------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT LENGTH('生活'); +------------------+ | LENGTH('生活') | +------------------+ | 6 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT CHAR_LENGTH('生活'); +-----------------------+ | CHAR_LENGTH('生活') | +-----------------------+ | 2 | +-----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
LOWER(str)
根据目前的字符集将str
中的所有字符转换为小写并返回。mysql> SELECT LOWER('HELLO'); +----------------+ | LOWER('HELLO') | +----------------+ | hello | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
UPPER(str)
根据目前的字符集将str
中的所有字符转换为大写并返回。mysql> SELECT UPPER('hello'); +----------------+ | UPPER('hello') | +----------------+ | HELLO | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意:
LOWER()
和UPPER()
对二进制字符串无效(BINARY
,VARBINARY
,BLOB
)。转换大小写时需要将其转换为非二进制字符串。 -
LTRIM(str)
将str
开头处的空格移除,返回移除空格后的字符串。该函数可以用于包含多字节字符的字符串。mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' shop'); +-------------------+ | LTRIM(' shop') | +-------------------+ | shop | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' 商店'); +---------------------+ | LTRIM(' 商店') | +---------------------+ | 商店 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
RTRIM(str)
将`str尾部的空格移除,返回移除空格后的字符串。该函数可以用于包含多字节字符的字符串。mysql> SELECT LTRIM('shop '); +-------------------+ | LTRIM('shop ') | +-------------------+ | shop | +-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT LTRIM('商店 '); +---------------------+ | LTRIM('商店 ') | +---------------------+ | 商店 | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
TRIM([{BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING} [remstr] FROM] str)
,TRIM([remstr FROM] str)
将
str
中所有的remstr
前缀/后缀移除。如果没有使用BOTH
,LEADING
,TRAILING
这些区分符,会假定使用BOTH
。remstr
是可选的,如果没有指定,则会移除空格。mysql> SELECT TRIM(' test '); +---------------------+ | TRIM(' test ') | +---------------------+ | test | +---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT TRIM(LEADING '-' FROM '---author---'); +---------------------------------------+ | TRIM(LEADING '-' FROM '---author---') | +---------------------------------------+ | author--- | +---------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT TRIM(TRAILING '-' FROM '---author---'); +----------------------------------------+ | TRIM(TRAILING '-' FROM '---author---') | +----------------------------------------+ | ---author | +----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT TRIM(BOTH '-' FROM '---author---'); +------------------------------------+ | TRIM(BOTH '-' FROM '---author---') | +------------------------------------+ | author | +------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT TRIM('-' FROM '---author---'); +-------------------------------+ | TRIM('-' FROM '---author---') | +-------------------------------+ | author | +-------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
SUBSTRING(str, pos)
,SUBSTRING(str FROM pos)
,SUBSTRING(str,pos,len)
,SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
返回截取后的字符串。- 参数列表中没有
len
参数时,会返回一个从pos
位置开始的字符串。 - 参数列表中有
len
参数时,会返回一个从pos
位置开始,长度为len
的字符串。 - 使用
FROM
的是标准写法。 - 当
pos
值为负数时,表示该位置是从字符串尾部开始计算的。 - 当
len
小于1时,返回一个空的字符串
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('www.google.com', 5); +--------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING('www.google.com', 5) | +--------------------------------+ | google.com | +--------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('www.google.com' FROM 5); +------------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING('www.google.com' FROM 5) | +------------------------------------+ | google.com | +------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('www.google.com',5,6); +---------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING('www.google.com',5,6) | +---------------------------------+ | google | +---------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('www.google.com'FROM 5 FOR 6); +-----------------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING('www.google.com'FROM 5 FOR 6) | +-----------------------------------------+ | google | +-----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('www.google.com',-3,3); +----------------------------------+ | SUBSTRING('www.google.com',-3,3) | +----------------------------------+ | com | +----------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 参数列表中没有