今天的两章继续在通往成为批判性思维者的路上排雷。第11章的雷区在表达阶段，第12章的雷区在反应阶段。
其实这两章中提到的大部分错误概念在第一部分的章节中都提到过，只是阐述角度不同。第一部分作者强调批判性思维如何正确对待这些概念，第二部分作者强调的是大部分人在这方面容易犯的错误，如何避免这些错误。要思考的是，这些错误跟我有什么关系？
针对第二部分我的阅读方法
在每个章节阅读前，看到标题，先问自己，在这方面我知道有哪些错误。比如第11章，表达方面的观点，我能想到几点？然后跟作者提到的错误去对比，哪些是我已知的错误，哪些是我存才确没有意识到的，哪些是别人会犯的错误。
每日五词
1. cynical
世人皆自私的;愤世嫉俗的；If you describe someone ascynical, you mean they believe that people always act selfishly.
2. explain away
[PHRASAL VERB 短语动词] 为…辩解；搪塞；If someone explains away a mistake or a bad situation they are responsible for, they try to indicate that it is unimportant or that it is not really their fault.
He evaded her questions about the war and tried to explain away the atrocities...
他回避了她有关战争的问题，极力为那些暴行辩解。
3. fall victim to sth
[PHRASE 短语] 成为…的牺牲品[或受害者)；If you fall victim to something or someone, you suffer as a result of them, or you are killed by them. [V inflects]
In the early 1960s, Blyton fell victim to Alzheimer's disease...
在19世纪60年代早期，布莱顿患上了老年痴呆症。
4. slovenly
(especially of a person or action) careless; excessively casual
（尤指人或行为）粗心的; 散漫的：
slovenly speech.
信口开河的发言。
5.plaintiff
noun
a person who brings a case against another in a court of law
Summary Chapter 11&12
In chapter 11, the author talks about six errors of expression which occur in expressing our views to others, whereas, in chapter 12, the author discusses 5 errors of reaction which occur after we have expressed our ideas and others have criticized or challenged them.
Errors of expression are contradiction, arguing in a circle, meaningless statement, mistaken authority, false analogy, and irrational appeal.
And errors of reactions are automatic rejection, changing the subject, shifting the burden of proof, straw man, and attacking the critic.
After having read the two chapters, we should know when these two kinds of errors occurand how to avoid these errors in critical thinking.
感悟：
这个月读批判性思维的书，我有非常大的动力。原因是去年年底的一场物业纠纷官司让我意识自己批判性思维的缺失。原本是受害者，最终却败给了无耻的物业。 重要的原因有两点：1.不懂法， 2. 缺乏严谨的批判性思维
作为被告，收到传票时根本没有阅读起诉状，应诉书，举证通知书。为什么?因为觉得自己有理由，上法庭我也有理啊？
问提就出在这里，如果你有理？你的证据在哪里？我TM连写答辩状都没有写，没有提搜集证据，带着脑袋就出庭了。以为自己有理，实际是无理无据就上了法庭，你怎么庭辩？！你不败诉谁败诉，败诉活该！
法庭给我上了一堂最好最好的批判性思维的课。书读到这里，越为当时出庭时的无知而懊恼。
