本文的来源是Steve Wallac 编写的《如何成为学术论文写作高手》，原书是英文版，我将总结书中的主要内容供大家参考，共同学习

                                     Introduction

主要内容：（详细内容可参考学术论文写作3）

主题，学术重要性，文献综述，知识缺口，研究问题

1.主题（Theme or Topic）   

介绍你的研究主题有助于读者清晰地理解你的研究是什么

要点：1）避免使用技术行话  2）不要从研究问题或假设开始引言部分  3）定义专业术语和概念

2. 学术重要性（Academic importance）   

学术重要性体现在关于该主题缺少相关的研究，并且指出文献中的知识缺口和不一致

要点：不要对整个领域写一个综合的回顾

3.文献综述（Literature review）

要点：主要包含和主题相关的最近的研究成果

4.知识缺口（Knowledge gap） 

研究需要解决具体的知识缺口以及文献中不一致，有争议的问题，并且提出本文的贡献

 5.研究问题（Research question）

内容应该包括：1）本文的研究问题  2）研究目标  3）研究进行的背景  4）文中使用的分析方法

引用参考文献

要点：

1.避免对整个领域的历史进行文献综述

2.引用的文献必须是最近的并且相关的

3.避免引用和研究没有直接关系的文献

4.和你的研究有矛盾或者提出其他思路的文献必须引用

5.最近的文献（不要超过五年）必须指明结果，远一些的文献只需要解释这个领域思想的变化或者方法的发展

常见错误：

1.反复引用同一篇文献   2.引用不相关文献   3.过度引用定义   4.错误归属    5.把启示当作事实   6.太多的引用语

文献综述的写法

文献综述形成了文章的理论基础并讨论该领域的已知信息。它包含了总结，批评，分析，综合，评估，和对信息的重新组织。文献综述是对过去的研究提供一个新的解释，并将新的解释和旧的解释相结合，并且追溯该领域技术的发展，为读者提供一个理论框架。

当写文献综述的时候，下面有四个问题读者应该问自己

1.哪些方面应该被包含在文献综述中呢？

要点：

1）简要地讨论本文研究如何和整个领域的研究趋势一致

2）论文中所有关键概念的定义

3）对之前相关成果的集中和综合的讨论

4）对如何从过去的方法进展到现在的研究进行总结

5）本文假设的理论基础

2.文献综述中的信息如何组织？

因为文献综述不是按照时间顺序的总结，因此需要组织已有的知识。下面从三个方面来描述：

1）定义

要点：

<1>所有的概念和专业术语都要被定义

<2>最好是在其第一次出现后就马上定义

<3>不要直接从之前的论文中照搬过来，要用自己的话描述

<4>这些定义不要被连续的列在文献综述中

2）属性或要素

这些属性和要素表明了方法的有效性

要点：作者应该对这些属性或要素总结而不只是单单的列出来

3）对立的观点

对立的观点可以作为和本文方法的对比

要点：应该清楚地解释对立观点的不同之处

3.文献综述的结构应该如何构建？

文献综述的结构应该是有逻辑的，每一部分之间要联系起来

要点：

<1>首先从相关领域宏观背景开始，然后聚焦到所要研究的具体问题上

<2>标题应该简短，要给出该部分内容的概述

<3>使用相关的示意图及对研究重要概念比较

<4>明确地定义专业术语和概念

<5>文本应该和相关的标题内容相符

<6>提供对研究假设动机的简要描述

4.文献综述的写作风格应该是什么？

要点：

1）文献综述应该易于阅读和理解，对于一个非专业人士应该是清晰的

2）避免使用专业行话，不熟悉的术语或者短语或者未定义的缩写

3）有一个清晰简洁的流程有助于读者理解

4）文献综述可以最后写，这可以帮助有效地总结整篇文章

5）首先指出更大的研究背景，然后再到具体的研究方面。在写的时候可以倒着写，首先从具体的目的和研究对象开始，然后你就可以知道需要什么更宏观的信息，再写宏观的研究背景

6）你需要总结关于这个问题你已知的东西，但是你只需要的是对文献的综述，而不要包含对文献的具体和冗长的解释

有什么冲突或者未解决的问题

你需要发现一个有争议的，有问题的，未检验群落，或者在已有的研究中没有尝试的方法，可以通过突出问题，争议或者指出知识缺口来完成。

通过比较两个东西的相同点和不同点，我们可以对这两个东西都有更好的理解。对比也是评估前的重要环节。

批评文献或者他们的理论

注意！一定要注意你的审稿人的感受。公开批评你的参考文献和他们的理论是一件危险的事情。

要点：

1.永远不要使得你的批评成为对某篇文献的个人攻击

2.你的批评应该是有效的，有理由的

3.不要为了批评而批评

4.意识到如果你的批评是错误的，你可能会损害自己在这一领域的名声

5.问问这个领域的其他学者你的批评是否是有效的

6.有很大的可能性你批评的那些人就是决定你的论文是否被录用的人

提出你的解决方案

简要描述你的研究（假设或者研究疑问），实验设计或方法，如果有其他的选择使用该方法的原因

1.确保明确地陈述目的或者假设

目的的陈述一般都放在引言的末尾部分，通常作为最后一段的主题句。

2.提供使用你的方法的原因

简要的描述你的方法，通常跟在目的之后，不要讨论具体的细节。为什么选择这种实验设计？这种模型的优点是什么？回答这个问题有什么优点？如果使用的方法是新的，那就要强调该方法和之前使用方法对比的优势

一些建议

1）从一般到具体：把显示生活中的问题和你的研究文献联系，然后是你的实验

2）吸引读者的注意：回答下面的问题“你做了什么？”“为什么我要关心”

3）清晰地呈现你的问题和解决方案、你的疑问和你的实验设计、之前的和你的实验之间的联系

4）尽可能多的使用主动语态

常用句型

一、描述所要研究的问题

1.建立所要研究主题的重要性

1) One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is ...

2) It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X, Y and Z problem

3) X is the leading cause of Y in ...

4) In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ...

5) In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ...

2.或者从强调时间开始

1）In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...

2）Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ...

3）Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...

4）The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...

二、总结其他的研究成果——提供背景，关键术语，概念

1.相关文献的一般描述

1）A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...

2）The first serious discussions and analyses of X has emerged during the 1970s with ...

3）What we know about X is largely based on empirical studies that investigate how 

2.之前研究的一般文献（通常不止一个作者）

1）Numerous studies have attempted to explain ...(e.g., Smith,1996; Kelly, 1998)

2）Recent evidence suggests that ...(Smith,1996; Kelly, 1998 )

3）Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1998) show that

4）Several attempts have been made to ...( Smith,1996; Kelly, 1998)

3.和我们当前知识相关的文献

1）A relationship exists between an individual's working memory and the ability to ...(Smith et al.,1996)

2）Genetically modified varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith,1996)

3）X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD( Smith,1996)

4.解释关键词

1）While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper uses the definition first suggested by Thomas(1998), who saw it as ...

2）Throughout this paper, the term X refers to ...

3）This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ

5.描述关键词的意义/应用

1）The term X has come to refer to 

2）The term X is generally understood to mean

3）The term X has been applied to situations where students ...

4）In broad biological terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is ...

三、定义概念

1.指出定义一个术语的困难

1）Various definitions of talent are found in the field of language teaching

2）Talent is a commonly used concept in learning, yet it is difficult to define precisely

3）Smith(2001) identified two abilities that might be collected under the term talent: (1)... (2)...

2.引用别人的对于术语的定义

1）Williams(1994) was apparently the first to use the term...

2）Chomsky wrote that a semiconductor is a "mechanical device of some sort for producing ..."(1967, p. 11)

3）According to a definition provided by Jones(2001), talent is the maximally ...

4）The term "talent" was used by Rogers(2001) to refer to ...

5）Mattinez (2001) used the term "talent" to refer to ...

6）For James(2001), talent means/refers to ...

3.一般话题的归类

1）Bone is generally classified into two types: cortical bone, also known as ..., and cancellous bone, or ...

2）The works of Aristotle fall under three categories: (1) dialogues and ...; (2) collections of facts and ... (3)systematic works

3）There are two basic approaches currently adopted by research on X. One is the Y approach, and the other is ...

4.具体话题的归类

1）Smith and Jones(2009) argued that there are two broad categories of Y, which are as follows: (a)...; and (b)...

2）According to Aristotle, motion is of four types:(1) motion that ... ; (2) motion that ... ; (3) motion that ... ; (4) motion that ... ;

5.引入关键因素

1）There are three reasons why language research has become so important. These are...

2）There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. These are ...

3） The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings, which are ...

6.引用别人的文献中的要素

1）Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First, X should be ... Second, it needs to be ... Third, ...

2）Martinez (1999) listed X, Y and Z as the major causes of infant mortality

3）Patrickson (2007) argued that there are two broad categories of Y, which are as follows: (a) ... and (b) ...

四、引用参考文献

1.引用过去的单次研究

（1）主语是研究者

1）Smith found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise

2） Smith showed that reducing X to 190 degree

3） Smith demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceed ...

4） Smith investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on ...

5） Smith analyzed data from 72 countries and concluded that ...

6） Smith reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this claim

7） Smith interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured questionnaires

8） Smith studied the effects of cytochrome P450 on unprotected nerve cells

9） Smith performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to shown that ...

10） Smith carried out a number of investigations into the ...

11） Smith conducted a series of trials in which they mixed X with different quantities of ...

12） Smith measured both components of the ....

13） Smith labelled these subsets as ...

14）  Smith examined the flow of international students

下面总结了引用文献时在人名之后跟着的动词

Smith studied / investigated / examined /looked at/into / evaluated / catalogued / listed / recorded / tabulated / indexed/ tallied / considered / described / warned / contended / agreed / formulated /complained / wrote / asserted / cautioned / stated / filed / indicated /inventoried / denoted / signified / designated / specified / manifested / implied that / revealed / disclosed / exhibited / presented / characterized / scheduled/ intimated / clarified / experimented with / raised the question as to /compared the mean scores / pointed out / demonstrated / approached / conceived of / held that since / proposed / admitted / referred to / has shown / suggested/ thought that / questioned / accounted for / reviewed / created / observed that / distinguished between / made the distinction

（2）强调研究本身

1） Preliminary work on  X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992)

2） The first systematic study of X was reproted by Patel et al. in 1986

3） The study of the structural behavior of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986).

4） Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith er al. (1983).

5） A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ...

6） A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reported that ...

7） A small-scale study by Smith (2002) reached different conclusions, finding no increase ...

8） Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ...

9） Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ...

10） Detailed examination of X by Smith showed that ...

11） In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ...

12） In a randomized controlled study of X, Smith (2007) reported that...

13） In a large longitudinal study, Smith investigaed that the incidence of X in Y41

（3）研究话题作为主语

1） Classical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Smith (2002)

2） The electric spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith in 1970

3） The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was fist reported by Smith in 1982

4） X is the central focus of a study by Smith (2002), in which the author found ...

5） X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from ... (Wang er al.,1952)

6） The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues

7） To determine the effects of X, Smith (2005) compared ...

2.引用其他作者在他们的研究中做了什么

（1）作者作为主语

1） Smith (2003) identified poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene, and large families as the major causes of ...

2） Smith (2003) listed three reasons why English language has become so dominat.

3） Smith (2003) traced the development of Janpanese history and philosophy during the 19th century

4） Smith (2003) provided in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle, showing its relevance to contemporary times.

5） Smith (2003) drew attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ...

6） Smith (2003) defined evidence-based medicine as the conscious, explicit, and judicious use of ...

7） Smith (2003) emphasized the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth ...

8） Smith (2003) discussed the challenges and stratedies for facilitating and promoting ...

9） Smith (2003) mentioned the specail situation of Sinapore as an example of ...

10） Smith (2003) questioned whether mainstream schools are the best environment for ...

11） Smith (2003) considered whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ... 

12） Smith (2003) used examples of these various techniques as evidence that ...

13） Some analysts (e.g., Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinction between ...

14） Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan,2004) have questioned the usefulness of such an approach

15）In her major study, / In her seminal artical, / In her classic critique of ... , / In her case study of ... , / In her review of ... , / In her analysis of ... , / In her introduction to ... , Smith (

3.引用其他作者的思想

作者作为主语

1） According to Smith (2003), preventive medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

2）This view is supported by Jones (2000), who wrote ...

3） Smith argued that her data supports O'Brien's (1988) view tha 

4） Smith (2003) indicated / argued / maintained / claimed / concluded / suggested  that preventative medicine is far more cost effective and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

5） Smith (2003) argued for / offered / proposed / suggested  an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief.

五、问题，争议和知识缺口

1.强调问题或争议

1）However, these rapid changes have a serious effect ...

1）However, a major problem with this type of application is ...

1）To date, there has been little agreement on what ...

1）More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ...

1）There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...

1）Despite its long clinical success, X has numerous problems in use.

1）Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.

1）Researchers have raised concerns about the poor ...

1）One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ...

1）One observer has already draw attention to the paradox in ...

1）In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...

1）The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century

1）The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ...

1）This issue has grown in importance in light of recent ...

1）One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ...

1）A major issue in early X research concerned ...

2.强调知识缺口

1）So far, however, there has been little discussion about ...

1）However, far too little attention has been paid to ...

1）Most studies in X have only been executed in a small number of areas.

1）To date, research has tended to focus on X rather than Y.

1）In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ...

1）So far, this method has only been applied to ...

1）Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith 2002;Jones 2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...

1）However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in ...

1）Experimental data is rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ...

六、批评文献或者它们的理论

1.引入疑问，问题或者局限性（理论和作者）

1）One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ...

1）A serious weakness with this agument, however, is that ...

1）One of the limitations of this explanation is that it dose not wexplain why...

1）One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ...

1）The key problem with this expanation si that ...

1）Existing accounts fail to resolve the conreadiction between X and Y.

1）However, there is inconsistency with this argument.

1）Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitativr analysis of ...

1）It seems that Jone's understanding of  the X framworks is questionable.

1）Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ...

1）One major criticism of Smith's work is that...

1）Many writers have challenged Jone's claim on the grounds that...

2.引入疑问，问题或者局限性（方法和实践）

1）Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.

1）Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that...

1）Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement X

1）Neverthless, This strategy has not eacaped criticism from gobernments agencies, and academics

1）One major drawback of this approcah is that...

1）The main limitaion of biosynthetic incorporation ,however, is ...

1）However ,this mehod of analysis has numerous limitaions.

1）However, approaches of this type entail various well-known limitations.

1）All of the studies reviewed thus far, however, suffer from...

1）However, all the previously mentioned methods suffer from some serious limitations/weakness/disadvantages/drawbacks.

3.指出研究的缺陷

1）However, the main weakness of this study is its faliure to address how ...

1）However, the study fails to consider the different categories of ...

1）However, the research does not take into accoutn pre-existing ... such as ...

1）However, the author does not distinguish between X and Y

1）However, Smith makes no attempt to diffenentiate between various types of X 

1）However,Jonde s fails to fully acknowledge the siginificance of ...

1）However, the paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of ...

1）However,the author overlooks the fact that X  contributes to Y

1）However, what SMith fails to do dis to draw a distinction between...

1）However, another weakness is the complete lack of explanation regarding...

4.提出有建设性的意见

1）Smith's paper /Her conclusions / The study/ the  findings  ould have been /might have been more /much more/ far more useful /conbiincing /interesting /persuasive /original if he/she had /if the author had included ... cpmsodered ... adopted ... used ...

1）A broader study would examine alarge, randomly selected sample of societies with ...

1）A more systematic study would identify how X interacts with others variables that are believed to be linked to ...

4.引用其他人对你引用文献的批评

1）However, Jones pointed out that...

1）Many analysts have argued that the strategy ofX has not been successful. Jones, for example, argued that ... 

1）Non-government agencies are alsovery critical of the new policies.

1）The X theory has been igorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers 

1）SMith;s analysis hase been criticized by a number of writers .Jones, for example ,pointed out that ....

1）The most noteworthy of these criticisms is that SMith failed to note that ...

1）Smith's analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism

1）Jones is probobely the best known critic of th X throty, H argued that

1）The latter point has been devastaingly critiqued by Jones .

1）Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccuriate measure of X, but they....

1）Critics question the ablility of poststructuralist theory to provide ...

1）More rencent arguments against X have been summarized by Smith and Jones

1）Jones criticized the conclusions that Smith drew from his findings 

提出你的解决方案

1.陈述目的

1）The purpose of this study is to ...

1）This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the ...

1）This paper focuses on/examines/assesses ...

1）This paper seeks to address the following questions....

1）The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the ...

1）This paper reviews the research conducted on ....

1）The aim of this paper is to determine /examine ....

1）The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ....

2.提供为什么要使用这个方法的原因

1）This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...

1）Smith eral identified several advantages of ...

1）The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...

1）A case study approach allows ...

1）The questionnaire design is based on ...

1）The X method is one of the more practical ways to ...

1）Quantitative measurtes usefully supplement and txtend teh qualitative analysis of 

3.快速

六、比较

1.引导句：不同点

1）X is different from Y in a number of respects.

1）There are a number of  important differences between X and Y.

1）X differs from Y in a number of important ways.

1）Smith(2003) found distinct differences between X and Y.

1）Women and men differ not only in physical attributes, but also in the way in which they ...

2.引导句：相同点

1）The mode of processing used by the right brain is similar to that used by the left brain.

1）The mode of processing used by the right brain is comparable in complexity to that used by  the left brain.

1）The effects of nitrous dioxide on human health are similar to those of ground level ozone.

1）Both X and Y generally occur in a "safe environment"

1）There are a number of similarities between X and Y.

1）Numerous Studies have compared the brain cells in man and animals, showing that these cells are essentially identical.

3.在一个句子中比较

1）In contrast to oral communities, it is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies

1）Compared with people in oral cultures, people in literate cultures organize their lives around clocks and calendars.

1）Oral societies tend to be more concerned with the present, whereas literate societies have a very definite awareness of the past.

1）Women 's brain process language simultaneously on both sides of brain, while men tend to process language on the left side only.

1）This interpretation contrasts with that of Smith and Jones (2004), who argued that ...

4.在一个句子中比较（比较级）

1）Women are faster/slower than men at certain precision manual tasks, such as placing pegs in holes on a board.

1）Women tend to perform better/worse than men on tests of perceptual speed.

1）Furthermore, men are more/less accurate in tests of target-directed motor skills.

1）Adolescents are less likely to be put to  sleep by alcohol than adults.

1）Men learned the route in fewer trails and made fewer errors than did women.

5.两个句子的对比

1）It is very difficult to get away from calendar time in literate societies. By contrast, many people in oral communities have little idea of the calendar year of their birth

2）Tests show that women generally can recall lists of words or paragraphs of text better than men. Conversely, ....

3）Young children learning their first language need simplified, comprehensible input.  Similarly, ...

4）Speech functions are less likely to be affected in women because .... A similar pattern emerges in studies of ...

七、描述过去

1.使用简单的过去时态的与时间相关的短语

1）For centuries, / In the second half of the 19th century,  /At the end of the nineteenth century, church authorities placed restrictions on academics.

2）During the Nazi period, / Between 1933 and 1945, / From 1933 to 1945, / In the 1930s and 1940s, restrictions were placed on German academics.

2.引用过去发表的单个的研究或者论文

1）The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986

2）Erythromycin was originally isolated from X in a soil sample from ...

3）In 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ...

3.过去完成时

1）Over the past few decades, the world has seen the stunning transformation of X, Y and Z

2）Since 1965, these four economies have doubled their share of world production and trade.

3）Until recently, there has been little interest in X.

4）Recently, these questions have been addressed by researchers in many fields.

5）In recent years, researchers have investigated various of approaches to X, but ...

6）Up to now, research has tended to focus on X rather than on Y.

7）To date, little evidence has been found little evidence has been found associating X with Y.

8）So far, researchers have identified three factors as being potentially important: X, Y and Z

4.现在完成时用于描述最近的研究或学术活动——通常是多个研究

1）There have been several investigations into the causes of illiteracy (Smith,1985; Jones,1987).

2）The relationship between a diet high in fat and poor health has been widely investigated (Smith,1985; Jones,1987)

3）The new material has been shown to enhance cooling properties (Smith,1985; Jones,1987)

4）Invasive plants have been identified as major contributing factors in the decline of many North American species.

5）A considerable amount of literature has been published on X.

引言部分的时态

1.现有知识

1）当陈述或报道已存在的事实用一般现在时

举例： Fine motor skills require integrating muscular ...

2）当从很多之前的研究中报道某发现时用现在完成时

举例：Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X

2.文献综述

1）当陈述或报道已存在的事实用一般现在时

举例：The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 1999)

2）当引用一个单独的，之前的研究，用过去时

举例：Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.

注意在上面的句子中，有两个动词，found 和 allocated， 第一个用过去时描述这是在过去完成的，第二个过去时是作者在过去的研究中做了什么。对比下面的句子

举例：Baggio (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.

上面句子的第二个动词perform描述的是一个事实，任何人在任何时间任何地方做这个实验都成立

3）当从多个之前的研究中报道发现时，用现在完成时

举例：Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens,2006; Kirby et al., 2008).

附：对比下面三句话的不同：

a. Owen discovered that memory load affects brain activity 

b. Owen discovered that memory load affected brain activity

c. Owen suggested that memory load may affect brain activity

第一句用一般现在时，说明这个研究发现一个事实。第二句用过去时，说明这个研究有特定的限定环境。第三句用suggested 和 may来描述发现的启示

3.知识缺口

1）当报道已存在的事实以及当前被接受的方法用一般现在时

举例：Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y

2）当从多个之前的研究中报道发现时，用现在完成时

举例：However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seed on the endocrine system.

4.问题陈述

1）当写和报道相关的陈述时用一般现在时

举例： The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.

2）当写和你自己的研究报道相关的陈述时用过去时

举例： The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.

5.研究的基本原理（可选）

当表达期望的结果或者提供未来的建议，用含有情态动词的一般现在时（could, may, might）

举例：This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.

引用和引语

引用（Citation）指的是你用自己的话把其他作者表达的意思告诉读者。引语（Quotation）指的是直接把作者的描述原封不动的搬过来，引语要用“”来表示

举例：

1） Schs concludes that "The idea of development stand today like a ...."

2） As Smith argued: "In the past ..."(Smith,2000)

3） As Carnoy stated: "There are many good reasons to be skeptical"

4） In the final part of his thesis, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various way ..."