此篇文章是学习《赖世雄经典英语语法》的学习笔记,语法很多且有细碎的特例的用法,故为了能够一览全景,我仅择选主体摘记,特殊用法请参考原书。这篇文章只是为了对整体有很好的理解,如果在让我自己清晰的过程中帮助到你,那就再好不过了。
若是将句子比作人,主语和动词就是头和心脏的存在,每一个句子一定有主语和动词。
有时主语可以省略,形成祈使句。
主语
一共有六种词类可以做主语
名词
Gold is of much value.
代词
He always keeps his promise.
动名词或不定式短语
动名词
已知事实或者曾经做过的经历
Seeing him makes me angry.
不定式
意愿目的或者未完成的事
To see him is my purpose.
名词性从句
中文里面有他不学习令我生气这种用法,他不学习直接就是一个句子。英语里面这种表达方式同样存在,但是句子不能直接做主语,需要三种词帮忙连接起来。
that
任何主语开始的句子前面加一个that就可以了
如果太长了也可以用形式主语it
That there is a lot of work to do makes me unhappy.
whether
可用yes/no回答的问句变化而成
Whether he likes it is a question.
疑问词所引导的从句
用what、where、when、how、why引导的问句变化而成
where he can find it
名词短语
疑问词+不定式
疑问副词:where to live
疑问代词:what to do
表距离的地点副词短语
From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 km.
动词
动词的分类
动词一共可以分为五大类:
- 完全不及物c.vi
- 不完全不及物i.vi
- 完全及物c.vt
- 不完全及物i.vt
- 授予动词d.v
及物与不及物的判断:
我--他。(主动)
他被我--。(被动)
如果一个词可以被填进去,那么他就是及物的,不能就是不及物的。
注意:
一个动词可以属于不同类,比如study,当他是学习的意思的时候就是不及物,I study.意思很完整,但是如果是研究的意思,后面就需要加上你研究的问题才完整,I study a problem.。
完全及物动词
加上宾语意思才完全的动词
出现的形态:
- 主语+及物动词+宾语
He wrote a book. - 主语+Be动词+及物动词的现在分词+宾语
He was written a book. - 主语+Be动词+及物动词的过去分词
The book was written by him. - 主语+Be动词+being+及物动词的过去分词
A book was being written by him.
宾语的用法:
- 名词当宾语
he didn't buy that car. - 代词当宾语
I hate him. - 不定式当宾语
表达某种愿望、企图:want/hope/desire
I hope to study abroad someday. - 动名词当宾语
不是所有的及物动词都可以用动名词做宾语,主要是:consider/ imagine/ fancy/ risk/ avoid/ escape(逃脱)/ suggested/ recommend/ enjoy/ resent(讨厌)/ practice/ mind - 名词性从句当宾语
同样是那三种名词性从句,其中,that引导的that一般省略,whether引导的whether可被if取代。 - 名词短语
I know how to handle it.
完全不及物动词
不需要加上宾语意思就完全的动词
出现的形态:
- 主语+不及物动词
Something happened. - 主语+Be动词+不及物动词的现在分词
Something was happening.(不及物没有被动语态)
不完全不及物动词
这类动词意思不完全,无法单独存在,需要加上名词、形容词、或者名词对等语,以补充其意思的不足。
判断方法:
用先前填空判断是否及物
我—他。(主动)
他被我—。(被动)
用become这个词示范
我变成他。(T)
他被我变成。(F)
填空不成功,所以become是不及物动词。用完全不及物造句
a. 主语+不及物动词
**I become. ** 我变成
b. 主语+Be动词+不及物动词的现在分词
**I was become. ** 我正在变成以上两句意思都很奇怪不完整,所以需要补语把意思补充完整。
**I become happy. **
**I become a good girl. **
六种不完全及物及其用法
- be动词
- become 变成
表语:名词、形容词、作形容词的现在分词和过去分词 - turn 变成
形容词表语,一般颜色情绪
His face turned pale when he heard the news. - get 变成
表语通常是表生气or激动的词,其他意思的时候一般用become.
用于进行时则都可以接任何形容词
she is getting more and more beautiful - seem 似乎
后面接不定式, seem to be 中 to be 可省略
He seems to know it.
He seems to be happy. = He seems happy. - 感官动词 ...起来
look/sound/smell/taste/feel(看起来、听起来、闻起来、尝起来、感到)
绝不可用名词作表语,要 + like(介词)
It sounds like a good idea.
但正如我前面所说,一个动词并不只有一个意思,不同意思可以属于不同的类,feel、taste、smell也有完全及物动词的意思,比如摸、尝、闻
不完全及物动词
这是一种及物动词,但是加上了宾语意思也依旧不完整。
用make举例:
He made a kite.
make作“制造”解释,他做了一个风筝非常完成了。
He made Mary happy.
make作“使”解释,他使mary开心,如果没有happy这个单词,意思是不完整的。
使役动词
- 叫…… make have
I made him wash the car. - 让…… let
I let him wash the car.
I let him in.(in在此是作副词作用的介词) - 强迫、要求、怂恿、催促
加不定式,一般有:force/ ask/ encourage/ compelled/ told/ push/ seduce(勾引)/ entice(引诱)/ expect/ want
I force him to recite the lesson - 使……成为
只有make一个
His teacher made him a good student.
知觉动词
词类同此有三类:看、听、感觉see/ observe/ watch/ look at/ notice/ hear/ feel/ listen to
- 有完全及物的用法也有不完全及物的用法:
I felt a pain. / I felt him move - 表进行状态时,用现在分词作补语
I saw him dancing. - 表被动的时候要过去分词作补语
I saw him killed. - 被动语态的时候要不定式
I saw him do it → he was seen to do it
任命动词
选举指派之意,elect/ assign/ appoint
We elect him chairman of the committee.
认定动词
视……为
- 与介词连用
regard/ look upon/ think of/ see/ view/ mistook
We regard him as a genius. - 与to be连用
We consider him to be a genius.
to be又可以省略
We consider him a genius.
转变动词
常用的有change turn,通常和into连用。
The experience turned him into a good student.
其他重要的不完全及物动词
render=make/ named/ call/ keep/ help等
They set him free.
The baby cried itself to asleep.
I paint the door green.
授予动词
是及物动词的一种,但是要接两个宾语,一个是直接宾语表示授予的东西(d.o),一个是间接宾语表示授予的对象(i.o)。
I give you this watch.
you就是间接宾语,watch就是直接宾语。
正常的语序是d.v+i.o+d.o,如果间接宾语和直接宾语的顺序倒置,则需要加上介词:
- 表授予概念的用to
I sent the letter to him. - 代劳的是for
I bought the book for him. - 从……中是of,类似from的含义
I didn't expect much of him. - 和of连用的授予动词
在这里of后面的东西而非对象。
He robbed me of my money.
The court deprived him of all his civil rights.
I cannot rid myself of the painful memory.
The doctor cured him of his disease. - 表提供的授予动词
offer/ provide/ supply/ furnish/ present
除了offer都要和with连用
He provided me with all I needed.
He offered all I needed to me.
He provided all I needed for me.