课程大纲
考试流程
托福写作有两个板块：（没有大小重要之分，两个都是15分）
- 综合写作：阅读+听力+写（150-225）（有部分的提示题）（不要马上就写作文，先回顾一下自己的笔记）（注意the point in the lecture，建议3:1或者4:1多写听力的内容，只需要说出阅读材料和听力材料的关系，写很少部分的阅读材料几句话就ok）
格式都顶格写，每段敲两个回车，空一行，4段。
- 独立写作：建议大于300。（建议4段，中间部分写2段，中间段写的详细）
打分方式
机器（看结构和语法）+人 2篇文章
有4个分，一个平均值。
打分0-5分原始分
转换表格：
一些值得关心的问题
- 字数是一个建议，写多了问题不大，写少了也没啥（词数只是一个建议）（不要为了凑字数而凑字数）
- 不一定要写复杂的单词和句式，清晰准确的表达自己的观点最重要的是。（复杂是为了简洁，准确才是王道，不是盲目炫耀，而是展现对语言的控制）
- 写作的模板最好用自己的模板，而且少用。
- 不要对机经抱有太多的幻想。
评分标准
- 切题
- 发展
- 组织
- 语言（重点在语言）
语言
- 不要大起大落（保持水平的一致）
- 用词合适（多查英英词典）
- 语言的地道性
- 句式呈现多样性
- 可以接受小部分的语法错误
写作训练建议
作文需要自己写自己改，利用pigai.org
- 计时写作
- 修改作文
- 范文分析
- 摘抄语料
- 仿写练习
一些常见的错误
- 准确性
- 可数名词单独使用要加冠词
Student has some choices...x(students)
The love of parents are not evil thing x(an) - 以下是不可数名词，单独记忆
advice
exercise
news
progres
weather
work - 不定冠词的选择根据音节而不是字母
An even brighter future
a university
an hour
an nba - 特指才用the
a shopping center would include entertainment such as a （the x）cinema or a ktv（单数的可数名字不能裸奔） - 动词原形不能做主语
i believe that join a sport team is better than travelling...x joining - 以下形容词没有比较级/最高级
perfect
unique
disgusting
excellent
inferior
impossible - 双音节词+er；变y为i，+er/；多音节+more（？）
- 熟记固定的介词搭配
look forward ——doing （to）
be busy with doing
have confidence in doing
lead/contribute to
deprive sb of sth剥夺 - 注意区分以下单词
its和it‘s
whether weather
raise rise（太阳升起）
a number of the number of
quite（非常） quiet（安静） - 尽量多用书面语
cannot， does not ，do not
couldn't ，wouldn't，shouldn't
写作中技术性细节错误
everyday形容词
ever day副词
写作上风格的问题
短句超过4个（6词以下的）扣分
长句不能太多
被动语态写多了（显得不高效，累赘）
听写（容易错误的单词）：
phenomenon现象
receive接受
privilege特权
truly确实
writing写作
maintain保持
proportion比例
excessive过多的
separate分开
restaurant餐厅
用词多样性
推荐资源
替换练习
课程翻译：需要练习打字速度
语料输入
下课需要做的
- 尝试上课语料的重写，对比范文，填空。
写作第二课
易建联：
- 统一
- 渐进
- 连贯
词句段篇：
- 准确
- 多样
- 地道
- 一致性
有理有据
- 理由
- 例子
- 细节
句法常见错误：
单句频错，一个句子多次错误，扣分很多
五大基本句型
- 主+谓
- 主谓宾
- 主谓双宾
- 主系表
- 主谓宾宾补
主谓
名词，代词，不定时，v+ing可以做主语
动词原形不能做主语
练习：人们对此事持有不同的看法
People have different opinions on this thing.（错误）
Opinions varies among people.
Notions about this issue（this hot topic）vary from person to person.
主谓宾
技术给孩子们提供
Technology has provided children with easy access to scientific and literal art resources：the best source of inspiration.
主谓双宾
He sent me a book
博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感
Museums provides people with the sense of national proud and belonging.（错误）
Museums give people a sense of national pride ang belonging.
主谓宾宾补
We named our baby Tom.
我们认为上网消耗体力
We think that surfing the internet will consume energy.（错误）
We consider surfing the internet energy-consuming.
We consider surfing the internet physically detrimental.
主系表
过于关注外表，尤其是在时尚界的广告攻势下，是对时间和精力的一种浪费。
Extramely Focusing on appearance is a wasting of time and energy，especially under the attack of fashion advertisement.（错误）
标准：Paying too much attention to appearance，especially influenced by the advertising-dominated fashion world， is a waste of time and energy.
主谓一致
-
谓语动词必须和主语人称和数保持一致
increases is改成are
Paste_Image.png - 集合名词强调整体用单数，强调个体用复数。
- 用and连接的名词作主语，谓语动词用复数。
个别除外比如bread and butter（is） knife and foke（is） - as well as谓语动词与第一个名词一致
fried food as well as hamburgers are ... （错误用is）
改错：
1.consists
- attract（A of B 重点看A）
- that is the main
- refers
- was（everyone接单数）
名词性从句
亮点句式：
公式1
it be +done/np（名词性短语）/adi+that：
it is reported that
it is said that
it is believed thay
it is acknowledged that
据说，每个人在到达目的地之前都必经磨难。
it it said that everyone will suffer from pains before arriving at the destination.
标准：It has been said that everyone has to experience hardship before he reaches his destination.公式2
it is a pity that
it is a truth that
it is a shame that
it is my belief that
it is a miracle that
it is a common knowledge that
- 公式3
it is clear that
it is possible that
it is natural that
it is necessary that
it is obvious that
很明显，说到教育，同老一辈的家长们比起来，现在的家长同样缺乏教育小孩的经验。
when it comes to education，it is obvious that nowadays parents still lack experience on teaching their children compared to in the past.
lack sth
the lack of sth
be lacked in
（标准）it is obvious that when it comes to education， parents now are also inexperienced in comparison with their old counterparts.
it vi that：
it seems that
it follows that（跟着说）
it turns on that
it goes without saying that
不言而喻，文化旅游业对于促进世界和平和理解大有帮助。
it goes without saying that culture tourism does great help to promote world peace and understanding.
（标准）It goes without saying that cultural tourism can go a long way（持续） in the promotion of world peace and understanding.
Although it is widely that parents are the first teachers for children，it is unlikely to be true that they are not the best.
（标准）Although it is commonly held that parents are their children‘’s first teacher， it is unlikely to be true that they are the best.
宾语从句
一般放在结尾段
人应该有多样的兴趣，特别应该有和工作不一样的兴趣。
All reliable evidence goes to show that people should have various interests especailly that differ from work.
（标准）All indisputable evidence goes to show that one should pursue a diverse range of interests，especially those unrelated to what one does at work.
降低空气污染为好的办法是政府提高油价。
When asked about decreasing the air pollution，the majority of people believe that government should raise the price of oil.
（标准）When asked about the best way to reduce air pollution， quite a few people believe that the government should raise the cost of fuel.
Although the nationwide idea is that people will flock into apple store as one as their products released，a new investigation shows that more people prefer to purchase after a period of time.
（标准）Although the popular belief is that people will crowd into the Iphone stores as soon as the latest iphone is available to the public， a current study shows that more buyers prefer to wait till the product is older.
From what has been discussed above， we could safely draw the conclusion that experience is more important to receiving knowledge compared to books.
（标准）From what，we could safely draw the conclusion that as a source of gaining knowledge，books are better than experience，although both of them have their own advantages.
定语从句
句子合并
Nanjing is an attractive capital city where several important kings in Chinese history built their palaces.
Tv is one of the most pervasive modern technologies which entered people‘s lives and has great impact on both our life-style and our thought.
A recent newspaper report based on a survey states that today‘s students are more materialistic and less altruistic compared to in the past， which is conducted annually among college freshmen.
作业：
看语料
发老师作业
day3写作课
定语从句
Unlike those graduated ten years ago，college students now are so primarily interested in grades and economic success that they are only interested in their own personal future and consider little the problems of society . Thus，they are expected to cheat more frequently
定语从句常见错误
状语从句
随着人民生活水平的大幅度提高，电脑已经在人们日常生活中已经很普遍。
with the development of people living standard， computers are common in people‘s daily life.
自从十年前西式快餐进入中国后，我们的饮食结构发生了巨大变化。
Our dietary structure has undergone drastic changes， since the fast food coming into china ten years ago.
（was introdecude into china）
我一想起这件事，就觉得很尴尬
i will feel embarrassed the moment i think of this thing.
i recall the thing
although i am bad-looking，i am gentle
Bad-looking as he is，he is gentle
despite = in spite of 都只能+名词成分
虽然他没有什么经验，但是他依然完成了这个任务
despite the lack of experience， he still ..
in spite of his inexperience
in spite of his being inexperienced
因果关系
- 原因
连词表原因是跟从句的。
（介词+名）not because of the rain，but because i have to...
thanks to：突出感激
in view of the increasing uncertainty in oil price，
-
结果
hence，therefore等是副词不能连接句子
Paste_Image.png 目的
比较
- 类比
一些人没能力做善事，同样的，他们也不能抵制邪恶。
Someone has no ability of doing good deed the same is true of resisting evil.
have ... to do good， and likewise they have little strength to resist.
the same is true of （这对于...也适用）
写完一个句子打一个句号（而不是逗号）然后加the same is
- 对比
- 递进
综合改错
变换句式
- 长短句结合
- 修辞问句
-
分词结构
Paste_Image.png
- 松散句和圆周句
- 倒装句
总结课
