原文：
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
译文：
我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在，世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。
然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。
单词短语：
anthropologist n. 人类学家
archaeologist n. 考古学家
ancestor n. 祖先
fossil man adj. 化石人
recount v. 叙述
saga n. 英雄故事
legend n. 传说，传奇
migration n. 迁移，移居
rot n. 烂掉
hand down 把...传下去
read of，读到，和read about是相同的意思。
谈到：speak of，talk of
了解到：know of
听到：hear of
单句分析：
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
句子结构：主谓宾+that定语从句+,where非限定性定语从句
3s版本：我们可读到一些事情
But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.
but 转折逻辑
although, but, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Still, even though/if, though, notwithstanding, despite, nonetheless, even, yet, however, in spite of 等一系列连词或介词本身表示转折逻辑或取反的让步逻辑
surprising, paradoxically, Startling, far from, appear, actually, in fact, in reality, seemingly, intended to, remarkable, unusual, flabbergast, unexpectedly ‘令人惊讶的是’ ‘与此相悖的是’ ‘实际上’ 等类似语义表示与正常情况或本来目的相反
Misleading, ironic twist, werid blessing 本身意味着‘反常’
while, in/by contrast, compared to, on the contrary, rather ... than, conversely, on the other hand 为两个对象对比取反
Often, initially, from ... to, before, after, once, until 为时间前后状态 常态 特殊情况的对比
not, hardly, barely, opposite, less ... and more ..., not ... but ...表示不的意思
3s版本：但有些地没记
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another.
‘--’ 等同于 ‘:’ 表示后面要做进一步的说明
补充说明：英文写作标点符号中常见的有四种横线：包括连接符(hyphen，- ) ，短划线(en-dash，– ) ，长划线(em-dash，— ) 和减号(minus sign，- )，下述内容参考链接
1. 连接符(hyphen，- )
(1)连接复合单词的几个部分，比如X-ray， Editor-in-Chief，meta-analysis；或者连接单词和前缀，比如anti-inflammatory， non-coding。
(2)把两到三个词连起来作为形容词来修饰后面的名词，这种情况下连接符是必需的。Eight-week-old mice were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. （注意这里不能说eight-weeks-old）assignment writing service on website。用连接符连接在一起的单词一般是两到三个，不适合将一串多个单词用连接符连在一起。
2.短划线(en-dash，– )
(1)表示范围的两个数字之间。Temperature of the room was kept at 25–28℃.
(2) 在文献列表中表示页码范围。Ponting CP, Oliver PL and Reik W. Cell 2009; 136:629–641.
3.长划线(em-dash，— 或者--)
表示后面要做进一步的说明。多数情况下是可以用冒号（一个长划线的时候）或逗号（一部分内容前后各有一个长划线的时候）代替的。We have discovered a new function of FOXN1—recruiting melanocytes to deposit melanin into the epithelial cells. (可以用冒号代替)
4.和减号(minus sign，- )
(1)在数学公式中表示减法时前后各需一个空格。Tumor growth inhibition rate was calculated as (1 - tumor volume of treated group/tumor volume of control group) 100%.
(2)表示负数时与后面的数字之间没有空格。The samples were stored at －20℃ till use.
3s版本：口述历史是他们唯一保存方法
These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.
because 因果逻辑
因：because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly,
果：so, as a result, for this reason, therefore, consequently, thus, hence
3s版本：传说有用但没记
Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
主语Anthropologists 谓语wondered 宾语是一个从句where ancestors came from
of...介词修饰 修饰ancestors
now living... 不定式 修饰peoples
3s版本：专家好奇P从哪来
The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
句子结构和上句相同 主语sagas 谓语explain 宾语从句that some came from Indonesia
of about介词修饰前一个名词
3s版本：传说说从I来的
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.
so ... that ... 太...以至于... 让步逻辑（反向因果，或理解为因为... 所以不...，如 ‘太久以至于消失’=‘因为太久所以不存在’）
so that ... 为了
too ... to ... 太...而不能
even 即使
even if/though, despite, although, Granted that, even, if, in spite of, notwithstanding, albeit
3s版本：原始人故事丢了
So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
to help/find的分词结构相比于从句简化句字
neither ... or ... 既不…也不…
either ... or ... 不是…就是…
both ... and ... 不仅...而且..
not only ... but( also) ... 不仅...而且..
and 和
on the one hand... on the other hand/ for one thing..., for another ... 一方面...另一方面
besides, in addition, moreover, furthermore, additionally, plus, also, as well as, in the bargain ..., along with, together with 此外
in addition + ‘,’
in addition to + n.
besides, apart from, except 除了
3s版本：所以专家也没法子
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds.
especially 表示强调，意为尤其是 下述内容参考链接
still, indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially, obviously, clearly
be easier to/ easier than 表示对比
1. 当as ... as 中有名词时 as + 形容词 + a + 单数名词/as+many/much + 名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
2. 倍数 + as + adj. + as = 倍数 + the + of 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时放在as前，如size, length, width, depth
This room is twice as big as that one.(Your room is the same size as mine.)
This bridge is three times as long as that one. (This bridge is three times the length of th at one.)
Your room is twice as large as mine. (Your room is twice the size of mine.)
3. 可修饰比较级的词a bit,a little,much,a lot,still,even,far等
4. many, old 和 far
(1)如果后接名词时,much more+不可数名词;many more +可数名词复数
(2)old有两种比较级和最高级式:older/oldest和elder/eldest, elder, eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
(3)far有两种比较级，farther, further 在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，father表示距离，further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say.
5. the+最高级+比较范围
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem. 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。
6. the +形容词 的两种用法
既可以等同于复数普通名词，也可以等同于抽象名词，代表一类人或事。
The richare apt to look down upon the poor.富人常常轻视穷人。
The poet had an yearning for the supernatural.诗人憧憬超自然的东西。
这种用法也可以适用于“the+现在分词”及“the+过去分词”。
The unexpected always happens.天有不测风云。
The wounded and the dying were rushed to hospital.受伤的人和垂死的人被急送到医院去了。
7. the+比较级+理由
该句型具有‘更加’的意思。常以 all(或much) the + 比较级 的形式出现。
I am the more inclined to help him because he is poor. 因为他穷,我更想帮他。
It is all the more dangerous for not being generally recognized as such. 一般不认为危险的，反而更加危险。
8. the + 比较级…, the + 比较级… 该句型的意思为 越...越...
The more he flatters me,the less I like him.他越是迎合我,我越不喜欢他。
The higher the mountain is, the more people like to climb it; the more dangerous the mountain is, the more they wish to conquer it. 山越高,人越想爬;山越危险,人越想征服它。
这种句型常用省略说法,The sooner,the better.越快越好。More haste,less speed.欲速则不达。
9. the last + 不定式/形容词从句 意为最不大可能的、最不适的。
Money is the last thing he wants,and you won't succeed by offering it.他决不要钱,你想用钱去买动他是决不可能的。
The author should be the last person to talk about his work.作者最不宜讨论他的作品。
10. 序数词通常只修饰最高级
Africa is the second largest continent.
11. 否定词语+比较级/否定词语 + so ... as 结构表示最高级含义
Nothing is so easy as this=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.
12. more词组
(1)the more... the more... 越...就越...
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.
(2)no more... than... 不比...多/no less... than... 不如...
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
He is no less diligent than you.
(3)more than不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all.
13. so+形容词/副词+that 在so后接形容词和副词表示因果关系，that之前表示原因，that之后表示结果
Those ponds and streams are so small that they cannot be shown in your maps. 那些池塘和小溪太小，所以你的地图上没有。
He had lived so long in Asia that he had forgotten his English way of life. 他在亚洲住得太久，所以英国的生活习惯都已经忘记了。
14. so much so that 意为如此...以至于
The patient was very tired when he returned from the ride, so much so that he could not sit up. 病人坐车回家时非常疲倦，疲倦得甚至不能坐起来。
He is poor, so much so that he can hardly get enough to live. 他很穷,穷得几乎难以生活下去。
15. more+原级+than 这种句型一般将不同性质加以比较，意为与其说...不如说
He is more witty than wise. 与其说他聪明,不如说他机智。
He is more dead than alive. 与其说他活着,不如说他死了。
16. much more 和 much less 以上两种表达法都有更加的意思。much more用于肯定句，表示程度加强。much less用于否定句，表示程度减少
I like music, much more dancing. 我喜欢音乐,更喜欢跳舞。
I don't like music, much less dancing. 我不喜欢音乐,更不喜欢跳舞。
17 would sooner(rather)... than 和 would as soon... as 意为宁愿...也不
He would rather(sooner) resign than take part in such dishonest business deals. 他宁可辞职也不干这种不正当的勾当。
I would as soon die as disgrace myself.我宁死不受辱。
18. no sooner... than/hardly... when/scarcely... before 意为一...就。应当注意的是，在以上句型中，句子的前半部分一般用过去完成时，而后半部则用一般过去时。该句型通常采用倒装语序。
No sooner had I opened the cage than the little bird flew out. = Scarcely(Hardly) had I opened the cage before(when) the little bird flew out. 我一开笼小鸟就飞出去了。
19. anything but, nothing but, all but 英语中，anything but =never, nothing but = only, all but = almost/nearly
He is anything but a scientist.他决不是科学家。
I am nothing but a student.我不过是个学生。
He is all but a fool.他几乎是个傻瓜。
20．prior, superior, inferior, senior 和 junior 表示比较时后面用 to 不用 than
prior to 意为比...重要
superior to 意为优于，高于
inferior to 意为次于
senior to 意为年长于，地位高于
junior to 意为年幼于，地位低于，迟于
The task is prior to all others.这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
In maths he felt superior to John.他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
These apples are inferior in flavor to those.这些苹果的味道不如那些。
He is two years senior to me.他比我大两岁。
3s版本：还好有易加工的石头留下了记录
They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
3s版本：木/皮制品都烂了
Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
when引导的宾语从句作为tools为主语的简单句的宾语。who引导的宾语从句作为men的解释说明，这个小局部的简单句是tools have disappeared。理论上the men who made them(made词性过去式，作为谓语)的从句修饰可以改为分词结构修饰的the men made them(made词性过去分词，作为不定式)，但是考虑到make这类及物动词还有不加be的被动语态的说法，猜测为了防止 ‘它们制造人’ 这个歧义所以无法改为the men made them。
介词结构修饰 分词结构修饰 从句修饰可以相互转换 详情参照这个博文或者这个视频
3s版本：maker骨灰都扬了，石头的记录还在
总结：
文章逻辑是：句1引出大背景和考古方法1，句2对句1进行极端情况驳斥。句3用the only way引出考古方法2和大前提，句4对句3进行解释。句5结合句1 3的两种方法这两个前提通过疑问的方式得出‘不知道P哪来的’。句6给出假设‘从I来的’。句7给出小前提，于是句8通过前面句3 7提出的大小前提给出‘专家没法子’的结论。句9提出了方法3，之后在句10中对其他可能性进行了驳斥，最终在句11证实了方法3的可行性。
文章当中值得参考的句间逻辑有：
1. 原因1 + 原因2 ➡结论
2. 大前提 +小前提 ➡ 结论 （三段论）
3. 解释3种方法/论据的逻辑递进
4. 如何进行论据限定（分类讨论）来保证不可辩驳性（如最后三句）
其他：
‘比较级’那里我也参考了一些其他博文，但是由于参考的博文原始排版稀烂还有复制收费就没有放出来。互联网精神本身是秉持的是开放、免费、平等、协作、快速、共享，而不是沦为某些别有用心的人打着‘知识付费’的旗号来搞钱的工具。如果所有网站都圈地自嗨形成信息孤岛那网民必然是这当中的受害者。其实可以参考‘版权运动’，现在由于大厂的版权竞拍和一些不能说的原因，我们很大一部分中文互联网网民已经成为正版大冤种。付费只是被逼着去买更贵的会员看更多的广告，根本得不到应有的服务，而是被大厂们当韭菜割。视频 音频 游戏的正版难民现状就是知识信息被逐步垄断的未来。而且目前已经有资本家把手伸进来的一些小先例了，如知网 百度文库和我没有贴引用链接的那个小网站。我宁可爬虫破解也不能惯着这些玩意。
以下内容是为引用链接内容除开比较级部分的‘内容’。
英语常用句式：
1.I want to lend my moral support.我想去做一下精神支持。
2.we all like to know somebody cares for us.谁都喜欢有人关怀自己。（cares for us = loves us;needs us.）Everybody wants to be loved.谁都希望被爱。
3.we all need some someone to wipe away our tears.我们都需要别人来安抚伤痛。
a.we all need somebody to dry our tears.我们都需要别人来擦干眼泪。
b.we all need a shoulder to cry on..我们都需要倾诉的对象。（可以依偎着哭泣的肩膀）
4.we all need someone to lean on.我们都需要有人来支撑脆弱的心。(lean on = rely on)
5.How reassuring.我听了以后，安心多了。
6.How encouraging.多么鼓舞人。
7.Justice is on your side.公理会站在你这一边。(法律会维护你。Law will favor you.你是受害人。You're the victim.你没犯错。You're in the right.)
8.Good will triumph over evil.邪不压正。（triumph = conquer;overcome）
9.Into each life a little rain must fall.一生中，难免遭到少许挫折。(a little rain = setback;failures)
10.It's just a drop in the bucket.这是鸡毛蒜皮的事琐事。(a minor issue)
11.Don't be so down.别那样死气沉沉。(down = listless 有气无力； downbeat 颓废； depressed 沮丧)
12.Don't look so sad.Put on a happy face.别那么难过，换一副笑容吧。(put a smile on your face.把笑容罢在脸上吧。)
13.When things go wrong, smile.遇事不顺，亦应处之泰然。（go wrong = turn into adversity.Don't be grumpy.不要哭丧着脸。Cope with it optimistically.以达观的态度顺应之。）
14.Everything works out for the best.总会雨过天晴。
15.Things often turn out for the better.否极泰来。
16.Things have a way of working out.风水轮流转，十年河东，十年河西。（事情自会圆满 解决）
17.Everything turns out for the best.气运自会好转。
18.Don't fret.Things will get better.不用焦虑，情况会好转。(fret= worry.忧心忡忡)
19.you gotta have faith.你非得有信心不可。
20.the worst is over.
21.Take heart!坚强点儿。（take heart = Be hopeful;Don't be disappointed;Be brave.）
22.Every cloud has a silver lining.每件事都有好的一面。(每片乌云的上层，都朝向绚丽的阳光。Encourage looking towards the bright side.)
23.There are two sides to every coin.任何事都有反正两面。
24.Heck!A door slams, a window opens.去他的！有失必有得。（失之东隅，收之桑隅。When an opportunity is lost, another will come along.）
25.When God closes one door, he opens another.天无绝人之路。（山穷水尽疑无路，柳岸花明又一村。） 26.Sometimes faith is what keeps you going.有时信心是支撑你继续奋斗的原动力。（keeps you going =鼓舞你做事motivates you;助你坚忍不拔helps you persevere）
27.Don't comfort me, it's no use.不用安慰我，那是没用的。(No use = futile;useless)
28.He's sulking.他在闹别扭。(sulking = unhappy;pulling a temper tantrum.使性子。Don't sulk.不要闷闷不乐。)
29.Don't be so hard on yourself.不要太苛刻自己。(stop blaming, criticizing yourself.)
30.You can only do so much.你能做的都已做了。（你尽了全力）事情虽没办成，我也不能怪你。You can't do everything.你无法面面俱到。
31.Now, cheer up!好啦，想开点吧！（cheer up = 提起精神来lift up your spirit.Lighten up = 振作起来！
32.Don't take it too hard.不要为它太难过。(take = a negative/positive attitude towards something.)
33.Don't be blue.不要太忧郁。（放开朗些.Try to brighten up.）
34.Chin up.不要垂头丧气。
35.Don't be so pessimistic.不要太悲观。（expecting the worst.Only looking at the down side or negative points.Think of the bright side.要往好的一面想。）
36.It's not so bad.情况没你想的那么糟。
37.Things could be a lot worse!还有比这更恶劣的呢！
38.Brace yourself!打起精神（撑下去）！（抵挡外来压力.Resist external pressure.准备接受冲击。Prepare for an impact, shock.）
39.We’ll find a way.(seek a solution to the problem.)
40.We’ll ride this storm out.我们会安度这场风暴。（躲过这场风暴=ride this storm out.= exit this tribulation safely 履险如夷。）
41.We’re going to pull through.我们会克服这重难关。（reassurance to someone that we'll survive this difficulty.）
42.It's part of life.这是人生必经之过程。（不用过分悲伤）（指：生离死别，悲欢离合，是生命中无可避免的。Grife and joy, parting and reunion, life and death, etc.are all inevitable courses of life.）
43.It's just one of those things.这只是诸多倒霉事之一。
44.Don't fall apart on me now.现在可别倚在我身上嚎啕大哭。(fall apart = break down into tears) a.Don't go to pieces now.不要崩溃。 b.Let's all be strong.大家都要坚强。 c.Hang tough.勇敢地撑下去。 d.Keep it together.不要使精神涣散。
45.Stop crying.(Dry you eyes.擦干眼泪。Cut out the tears.少在那里哭哭涕涕。
46.Whatever is done is done.生米已煮成熟饭了，你还能怎样？（木已成舟，夫复奈何。What's done is done.恰似大江一去不回头。It's water under the bridge.）
The die is cast.殺子扔出去后，输赢已定。
You can't undo the past.你无法重头来过。
What's done is don.逝者已矣，来者犹可追。
47.What’s the use of crying over split milk? 为无可挽救的事伤心，于事何补？（何必为打翻的牛奶哭泣呢？）（spilt milk = irreversible mistake）
48.Let go of the past.过去的事不要再追究了。
49.It's over with.这已成了昨日黄花。（重提无益。Make no sense in reminding it.）
50.Yesterday was yesterday.Live for today.好汉不提当年勇，要脚踏实地。（live for today = 劝过气人士has been实际点be more realistic;要活在现实的环境里live in the present.
51.No road is so long it has no turning.愁苦不会没尽头。（没有永远不转弯的路。）(One day your luck will change.终有时来运转的一天。
52.Make the most of each day.勿负今日。（善用每一天）.Treasure each and every day.
53.There's always another chance.总会另有转机。
54.Don't give up.
55.Things can change.苦尽甘来。（不会总倒霉的）
56.There's always next time.总有下一次的机会。
57.There's always hope.
58.Every dog has his day.瓦片尚有翻身日，为人岂无走运时。
59.It's not the end of the world.这不是世界末日。
60.The world's not going to end.世界还没到尽头。（不必绝望，还有生机）
61.Doomsday hasn't come yet.世界末日还没到。
62.Life goes on.死不了，日子照样过下去。
63.There's always tomorrow.
64.It's always the darkest before dawn.(Don't give up.There's still hope.)
英语万能句式：
1.We ' re often told that......But is this really the case ? 我们经常被告知......但事实真是这样吗？
2.People used to......however , things are quite different today.过去，人们习惯......但,今天的情况有很大的不同。
3.some people think that......Others believe that the opposite is true.There is probably some truth in both sides．But we must realize that......一些人认为......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理。但是我们必须认识到......
4.Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。
5.It is another new and bitter truth we must learn to face.这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
6.In short , we must work hard to make the world a better place.简而言之，为了把世界变成更美好的地方，我们必须勤奋工作。
7.Lost time is never found again.岁月既往，一去不回。
8.Everybody should have a dream.每个人都该有个梦想.
9.Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。
10.Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
11.Let's look on the bright side.让我们往好处想吧。
1.重点句型
1).It’s adj for sb to do 做…对某人来说…
2).… so … that … 如此… 以至于… … too … to do 太… 而不能… such … that … 如此… 以至于…
3).not…until… 直到…才… 例: I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
4).The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 … 的原因是… The reason why he got angry was that she told him a lie.(他生气的原因是她对他说了谎。)
5).That is why + 句子 那是…的原因
6).That is because + 句子 那是因为…
7).It is said that + 句子 据说… It is reported that + 句子 据报道…
8).There is no doubt that + 句子 毫无疑问…
9).It goes without saying that + 句子 不言而喻，毫无疑问
10).There is no need to do没必要做…
11).There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义
2.提建议
had better(not)do 最好(不)做
how about / what about doing …怎么样?
I think you should do 我认为你应该…
I suggest that you should do 我建议你做…
If I were you, I would do…我要是你的话，我会做…
It’s best to do 最好做…
Why not do / why don’t you do…? 为什么不…
3.表示喜欢和感兴趣 like / love doing
enjoy doing
be fond of doing 喜欢做…
be keen on n/doing 喜欢做…
prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing 感兴趣
4..努力做…
try to do努力做…
strive to do 努力做…
try one’s best to do= do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…
make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做…
do what sb can(do)to do 尽力做…
spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做… do what / everything
sb.can to do 尽某人全力做…
5.打算做… / 计划做…
intend / plan to do 打算做…
be going to do 打算/计划做…
decide to do 决定做…
determine to do决定做…
be determined to do决定做…
make up one’s mind to do下定决心做…
6.表示想/希望
want to do = would like to do 想做…
hope to do 希望做…
expect to do 期待着做…
wish to do 希望做…
consider doing 考虑做…
7.只加doing 作宾语的动词
finish 完成/ practice 练习/ suggest建议 / consider 考虑 / mind 介意 / enjoy 喜欢doing
固定搭配
look forward to doing 盼望做…
keep on doing 坚持做…
dream of doing 梦想做…
can’t help doing 情不自禁地做…
keep / stop / prevent sb.from doing 阻止某人做…
be busy(in)doing be busy with + 名词 忙于做…
spend time / money(in)doing spend time / money on + 名词 花费时间做…
have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心
have trouble / have problem / have difficulty(in)doing 或 with + 名词 做…有困难
常用的名言警句
1.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩?
2.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难朋友才是真朋友?
3.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半?
4.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成?
5.All roads lead to Rome.条条大道通罗马?
6.Easier said than done.说起来容易,做起来难?
7.Easy come, easy go.来得快,去得快?
8.Every man has his weak side.人人都有缺点?
9.Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母?
10.Look before you leap.三思而后行?
11.Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人?
12.A life without a friend is a life without a sun.人若无友,就如同生命中没有太阳?
13.All things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难?
14.Always prepare for a rainy day.未雨绸缪?
15.As you sow, so shall you reap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆?
16.I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort;second, more effort;third, still more effort.成功要靠三件事才能赢得:努力,努力,再努力?
17.Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today.有事莫推明天?
18.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧? 19.Bad news has wings.好事不出门,坏事传千里?
20.Honesty is the best policy.做人以诚信为本?
21.You have to believe in yourself.That’s the secret of success.你必须相信自己,这是成功的关键?
22.Don’t judge a man by his looks.不可以貌取人? 常用过渡语
23.表起始的过渡语:first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等?
24.表时间的过渡语:first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, meanwhile, later on, soon, finally等?
25.表空间的过渡语:on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of… on the other side of…, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等?
26.表因果的过渡语:for, because of, one reason is that… another reason is that…, thus, so, as a result(of)等?
27.表转折的过渡语:but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of, unlike, although, otherwise,nevertheless, in spite of, after all等?
28.表列举的过渡语:for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等?
29.表推进的过渡语:what’s more, on one hand… on the other hand…, in addition to, as well, still, also, in other words, not only…but also…, besides, furthermore, moreover等?
30.表总结的过渡语:in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等?
万金油
1.不用说…… It goes without saying that … =(It is)needless to say(that)….= It is obvious that ….例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.
2.在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.
3.就我的看法……；我认为…… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that ….例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。
4.随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, … 随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, … 例：With the rapid development of Taiwan’s economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。
5.……是必要的 It is necessary(for sb.)to do / that … …… 是重要的 It is important/essential(for sb.)to do / that … …… 是适当的 It is proper(for sb.)to do / that … ……是紧急的 It is urgent(for sb.)to do / that … 例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.我们应当保持公共场所清洁。
6.花费 spend … on sth./ doing sth.… 例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。 We shouldn’t spend too much time on something we aren’t interested in.
7.how 引导的感叹句 例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。 At least it will prove how honest you are.
8.状语从句 A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you don’t..., you’ll...例︰If you don’t keep working hard, you’ll lose the chance.如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。 B)如此 ……，以至于…… so … that … 例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。 C)每当我听到……我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每当我做……我就忍不住感到悲伤。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到……我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到……我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。
9.宾语从句 我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I don’t think that … 我想知道是否…… I wonder whether … 例：He doesn’t think I should stop him joining the club.他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。
10.Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。
考研英语作文冲刺：
1.It---
(1)It is obvious to most of us, in particular the younger ones, that SVO。
(2)It goes without any slightest question(doubt)that SVO。
(3)It can be said with much certainty and confidence that SVO。
(4)It has been repeatedly pointed out by some authoritative sources that SVO。
2.To---
To tell the truth / To be honest / To be more exact / To put it in a more accurate way
3.As---
(1)As far as I am aware, SVO。
(2)As is well-known to the general public, SVO。
(3)As is often the case, SVO。
(4)As often mentioned by some experts, SVO。
4.There be---
(1)There is no denying an obvious fact that, SVO。
(2)There is certain element of truth in saying that SVO。
5.What---
(1)What matters is that SVO。
(2)What needs to be emphasized rahter than overlooked here is that SVO。
(3)What must be rememberd about the situation is that SVO。
(4)What I have to pointed out here is that SVO。
6.which---
SVO, which SVO fact+comment
He jumped out and killed himself, which is baffling many people。
(1), which is of great importance(benefit)to our life(society)。
(2), which is damaging both physically and spiritully。
7.It is „ that „
I bought a book yesterday。
It is yesterday that I bought the book。
I love you because you love me。 It is because you love me that I love you。
8.Only + adv。
If we have fund, we can protect cultural heritage。
Only if we have fund, can we protect cultural heritage。
We can solve the problem in this way as soon as possible。
Only in this way can we solve the problem。
Only in this way, to tell the truth, can we „
It „ only „
9.„ as „ as „
It is important to protect cultural heritage。
Nothing in this world is as important as to protect cultural heritage。
The biz shoule be responsible for society。
Nothing is as important as the biz’s responsibility for society。
Nobody should be as responsibility for society as the biz。
10.not „ but „ not because „ but because „
We should protect heritate because the heritage is a part of our history。
We should protect heritage not because we can make money out of it but because the heritage is a part of our history。
万能句型： I am writing to apply for the position of...you advertised in yesterday's.。.To briefly introduce myself, I am a gradute student of...University majoring in...and expect graduation this June。Not only have I excellent academic performance in all courses, I also possess the rich experience of.。.My interactive personal skills and teamwork spirit are also appropriate for this post。 I would be grateful if you could arrange an interview at your earliest convenience。
议论文十四大功能语汇 表示“观点” 造句：大部分成年人认为，健康对于幸福生活而言是必不可少的。 面对这种问题，我认为，我们需要考虑亮点。 我认为，在生活中，健康像空气和水一样重要。 as短语总结： as busy as a bee as blue as sky as black as coffee as evil as a devil as pure as an angel as deep as ocean as strong as a horse 表示“重视” give weight to/give stress to/attach importance to 造句：地方政府要重视特殊儿童教育的问题。 表示“强调” place weight on/ put emphasis on 造句：政府应该强调“希望工程”的重要性。 表示“赞同” approve of /vote for /stand by 造句：有些人认为真正的友谊基于相似的爱好。我支持这种观点。 表示“反对” disapprove of /object to /be opposed to 造句：有人认为，在当今社会，金钱就是一切。我强烈反对这种观点。 表示“努力” make every effort to many efforts should be made to spare no effort to 造句：我们应该结束任何虚假承诺的行为。表示“建议” suggest/ advance/ put forward/ 造句：我建议每个人都可以保护民族文化的独特性。 表示“原因” due to/ owing to/ 表示“决心” be determined to make up one’s mind to be convinced to 造句：各行各业的人们决定资助那些上不起学的年轻人。 表示“结论” sb.may come to a conclusion that„ sb.may arrive at a conclusion that „ sb.may reach a conclusion that „ 造句：因此，我们可以得出结论：自信在工作面试中很必要。 因此，我们得出结论：中国文化既是国家的又是世界的。 表示“坚持” adhere to / insist on 坚持主张persist in 造句：如果我们相信某件事情是值得做的，就应该坚持去做。worthwhile 表示“打算”mean to do / intend to do / attempt to do 表示“认识到”be aware of / be conscious of / realize 表示“不同” differ from „in„ be different from„ vary „in„ UNIT Ⅳ 造句练习 复合句 宾语从句---写作中，宾语从句可用来表达观点。 I think that I love you。 主谓宾 宾语从句造句： 1)很多人认为，那些著名运动员不应该得到那么高的工资。deserve 2)经济学家认为，世界经济与原油价格密切相关。Economist economy 3)大学生们认为，应该在四级考试中举行口试。 4)HR专家认为，自信在面试中至关重要。 5)年轻人们觉得跳槽是一件司空见惯的事情。Job-hunting, job-waiting, job-hopping It 从句： 思考：it从句是什么从句？ It + be + a/an + 名词+ that„ It + be + 形容词+ that„ It + be + 过去分词 + that„ It + be + a/an + 名词+ that„ It is good news that„ It is a good thing that „ It is no wonder that „ It is common knowledge that „ It is a miracle that „ It is a pity that „ It is a shame that „ It is a fact that„ It is an honor that „ It is my belief that „ 造句： 1)有些年轻人不愿意赡养年迈的父母，这是一件令人遗憾的事情。 2)我相信这些孩子在灾难之后会回到校园。 3)他居然可以从这次地震当中死里逃生，真是奇迹。 4)一个国家会从大灾难中变得日益强大，这是常识。 It + be + 形容词+ that„ It is clear that „ It is possible that„ It is certain that „ It is necessary that „ It is likely that„ It is obvious that„ It is strange that„ It is fortunate that„ It is natural that„ 造句： 1)每个人都要爱别人和被别人爱，这是很自然的。 2)幸运的是，这个国家的每一位成员都愿意帮助深陷困境的人。 3)显然，强烈的愿望会使得我们成功。 4)大部分年轻人都有必要选择一位合适的偶像去崇拜。 It + be + 过去分词 + that„ It is reported that„ It is said that„ It is believed that„ It is generally thought that„ It should be noted that „ It has been found that „ It must be pointed out that„ 模版Cooperation Drawing can be useful tools;a simple picture may reveal a profound truth.The illustration above, for example, is far from complicated, and yet carries deep implication: “where there is cooperation, there is a way”.As is conspicuously and vividly depicted in this painting, cooperation empowers two disable people to run fast and smoothly(本句取自经典25词:enable sb to do sth=empower sb to do sth).As society becomes more and more advanced and complicated, we can anticipate that cooperation plays a more and more momentous and fundamental role in the life of individual members of society and in the development of society itself.No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example to be mentioned below.A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, and the durability of a product depends on the part that fails first(本句来自自己为考研各大主题准备的排比素材).However, at present, a major common shortcoming among many Chinese people,to a considerable extent, is that they pay too much attention to individual abilities while ignoring cooperation which makes our work effective and efficient(源自新东方的并列用法).(本句来自“at present, a major common shortcoming among many students is that they pay too much attention to book learning while ignoring practical activities”的仿照) The problem mentioned above can be solved in several ways.First of all, we should make people aware of this issue.Besides, the changes must begin with ourselves, as it is momentous and fundamental that we address the problem within ourselves before looking others to change.In changing ourselves we change the world.Finally, whether we will maintain a happy, healthy, and harmonious society as we all wish when each and every citizen realize the seriousness of the problem mentioned above, as well as try our best to solve it or at least reduced the possibility of occurrence of those undesirable cases.
英语作文常用句式1.不用说… ·It goes without saying(that)…·It is needless to say(that)… ·It is obvious(that)…·Obviously… 例：It goes without saying(that)it pays to keep early hours.不用说，早睡早起是值得的。 2....是不可能的；无法… ·There is no way of doing…·There is no possibility of doing… ·It is impossible to do…·It is out of the question to do…/…be out of the question ·No one can do…·We cannot do… 例：Still, human cloning should not be out of the question.然而，人类克隆应该不是不可能的问题。 3.我深信… ·I am greatly convinced(that)…·I am greatly assured(that)… 例：I am greatly convinced(that)prevention is better than cure.我深信预防胜于治疗。 4.在各种…之中，我尤其… ·Among various kinds of …, I … in particular.·Of all the …, I particularly … 例：Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.在各种运动中，我尤其喜欢慢跑。 5...是很容易证明的。 ·It can be easily proved that… 例：It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 6.…无论如何强调都不为过 ·… cannot be overemphasized 例：The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.交通安全的重要性如何强调都不为过。 7.就我的看法…；我认为… ·In my opinion,…·To my mind,… ·As far as I am concerned,….·I am of the opinion(that)….例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.在我看来，打游戏既花费时间也有害健康。 8.就我所知… ·As far as my knowledge is concerned,… 例：As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。 9.毫无疑问地… ·There is no doubt(that)子句 例：There is no doubt that nearsightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.毫无疑问，近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 10.根据我个人经验… ·According to my personal experience, …·Based on my personal experience, … 例：According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.据我个人经验，微笑已带给我许多好处。 11.在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。 ·Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …1 12.在我的求学过程中，我忘不了… ·In the course of my schooling, I will never forget… 例：In the course of my schooling, I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.在我的求学过程中?我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。 13.随着（人口）的增加…/随着（科技）的进步… ·With the increase/growth of the population, … ·With the advance of science and technology, … 例：With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.随着台湾经济的快速发展，许多社会问题产生了。 14.在这信息传播的年代，…扮演重要的角色。 ·In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.例：In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.在这信息传播的年代，计算机扮演非常重要的角色。 15.在讨论…时，一个人不得不承认…。 ·In dealing with …, one cannot but admit that… 例：In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.在讨论未来的职业时，一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。 16.世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。 ·Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例：Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。 17....是必要的/重要的/适当的/紧急的·It is necessary that someone(should)do… ·It is important/essential that someone(should)do… ·It is proper that someone(should)do…·It is urgent that someone(should)do… 例：It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.保持公共场所清洁是应当的。 18.每当我听到/做/遭遇/看到…，我就忍不住感到… ·Whenever I hear…, I cannot but feel…==Every time I hear…, I cannot but feel… ·Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel…·Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel… ·Whenever I meet with…, I cannot but feel…·Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel· 例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪时，我就忍不住感到悲伤。 19.据说/一般认为/大家都知道/据报导/据预料/据估计/大家都相信… ·It is said/thought/known/reported/expected/estimated/believed(that)… 例：It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.大家都相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。 20.…的主要理由是… ·The main reason why … is(that)… 例：The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日益败坏。 用于文章承转的常用句式有: 1.那就是(说)…;亦即… ·That is to say, …·That is, …·Namely, … 例：We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.我们生活需有规律。也就是说：早睡早起、戒除烟酒。 2.基于这个理由… ·For this reason, … 例：For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.基于这个理由，我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。 3.我们有理由相信… ·We have reasons to believe(that)子句 例：We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。 4.事实上… ·As a matter of fact, …·In fact, … 例：As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.事实上，健康才是最重要。 5.(A)例如… ·For example, …·Take … for example.例：For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.例如，我们盲目地提高生活水准,却降低生活品质。 6.此外，我们不应忽视… ·Besides(In addition), we should not neglect that....例：In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。 7.相反地… ·on the contrary, …·by contrast, … 例：On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.相反地，少数学生似乎还在鬼混。 8.另一方面… ·on the other hand, … 例：The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.政府应严格执法，另一方面，大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。 9.然而，很可惜的是… ·However, it is a pity that … 例：However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.然而可惜的是他总临时抱佛脚。 10.换言之… ·in other words,.·to put it differently 例：In other words, I will try my best to attain(gain, live up to)my goal.换言之，我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。 11.别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为… ·It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that … 例：It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.12.从此之后，我已发现… ·Ever since then, I have found that… 例：Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.从此之后，我已发现微笑是日常生活中避免冲突的最佳方式。 13.这样说来，假如…，当然毫无疑问… ·In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)… 例：In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.这样说来，假如我们能善用时间，当然毫无疑问我们会成功。 14.更严重的是… ·What is more serious is(that)… 例：What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.更严重的是，我们不珍惜野生动物。15.鉴于社会的实际需要… ·In view of the practical need of society,..例：In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.鉴于社会的实际需要，愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。用于文章结论句的常用句式有： 1.如果能实践这三点… · If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例：If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.如果能实践这三点，他肯定能够健康快乐地生活。 2.做这些简单之事，我们一定可以… · By doing these simple things, we surely can..例：By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.做这些简单之事，我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。 3.如此，我相信… · In this way, I believe(that)… 例：In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.如此，我相信大家能够像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣。 4.实践这些… · By putting them(the above)into practice, … 例：By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.实践这些，在智育方面我一直能不断进步。 5.唯有符合此三项要求/通力合作，我们才能… · Only by living up to the three requirements can we ….· Only with combined efforts can we … 例：Only with combined efforts can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.唯有通力合作，我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。 6.最后，但并非最不重要… · Last but no least, ….例：Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.最后，但并非最不重要：教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。 7.这证据显示〜的重要性再怎么强调都不为过。 ·This evidence shows that the importance of 〜cannot be overemphasized.例：This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 8.由于这些理由，我…· For these reasons, I….例：For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.由于这些理由，我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。 9.总而言之… · In conclusion…· To sum up… 例：In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.总而言之，好国民应遵守交规。 10.因此，我们能下结论，那就是… · We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)… 例：We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.因此，我们能下个结论：那就是世上自由最珍贵。 11.如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地… · If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)… 例：If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English.如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地，我们就能精通英语。 12.因此，这就是…的原因 · Thus, this is the reason why..例：Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.因此，这就是我重感冒的原因。 13.所以，我们应该了解… · Therefore, we should realize(that)… 例：Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.所以,我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。 14.因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了… · We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion(that)… 例：We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。 15.从〜观点来看… · From the 〜point of view, ….· According to 〜point of view, … 例：From the political point, it's a complicated problem.从政治的观点来看，这是一个很复杂的问题。
