首先确定电脑安装了git
输入git
会产生提示:
如果没有安装,那么就网上搜索下载完成安装.
可以使用命令行安装,也可以下载工具包安装
确定文件保存在自己的仓库哪个地方
命令行:
cd (不会路径,把文件拖动到这里)
添加文件到暂缓区
针对单一文件的添加:git add (文件名)
如果提示密码邮箱
global的作用
配置全局的用户名和密码— 其他地方可以不配置
git config —global user.name “why"
git config —global user.email “why@163.com"
正对整个项目的文件添加 git add .
将暂缓区的文件添加到分支
git commit -m "文件注释,也就是这些添加你要做什么"
查看目前暂缓区的状态
git status
回到历史中
穿梭前,用git log
可以查看提交历史,以便确定要回退到哪个版本。
回到未来
要重返未来,用git reflog查看命令历史,以便确定要回到未来的哪个版本。
commit_id。
版本回退:
git reset --hard (版本号)
HEAD指向的版本就是当前版本,因此,Git允许我们在版本的历史之间穿梭,使用命令git reset --hard
其他常用的git 命令
你做了修改后,(还没有对他进行git add .操作)放弃修改
git checkout -- file
例如:(对那个文件放弃修改)
git checkout -- readme.txt
撤销已经存在暂缓区的文件
git reset HEAD file可以把暂存区的修改撤销掉(unstage)
假设你改错了东西,还从暂存区提交到了版本库,直接使用上面的回到历史中
一般团队开发:要在分支进行
git checkout -b dev
这个命令加上 -b 参数表示创建并切换相当于
git branch dev
git checkout dev
查看当前分支
git branch
这里在dev分支修改文件后,提交(此处修改后的文件提交上去只是在dev分支上)
切换回主分支
git checkout master
git merge:合并指定分支到当前分支
git merge dev
删除dev分支
git branch -d dev
查看branch
git branch
上述分支主支一览
Git鼓励大量使用分支
查看分支:git branch
创建分支:git branch <name>
切换分支:git checkout <name>
创建+切换分支:git checkout -b <name>
合并某分支到当前分支:git merge <name>
通常,合并分支时,如果可能,Git会用Fast forward模式,但这种模式下,删除分支后,会丢掉分支信息
合并分支时,加上--no-ff参数就可以用普通模式合并,合并后的历史有分支,能看出来曾经做过合并,而fast forward合并就看不出来曾经做过合并
git merge --no-ff -m "merge with no-ff" dev
删除分支:git branch -d <name>
·1.推送分支 (这里origin是git默认的主分支)
git push origin master
·2.推送其他分支
git push origin dev
例子简介
多人协作的工作模式通常是这样:
首先,可以试图用git push origin branch-name
推送自己的修改;
如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用git pull
试图合并;
如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交;
没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用git push origin branch-name
推送就能成功!
如果git pull
提示“no tracking information”,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name。
这就是多人协作的工作模式,一旦熟悉了,就非常简单。
多人协作时,大家都会往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。
现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆:
$ git clone git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 46, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (26/26), done.
remote: Total 46 (delta 16), reused 45 (delta 15)
Receiving objects: 100% (46/46), 15.69 KiB | 6 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (16/16), done.
当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时,默认情况下,你的小伙伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信可以用git branch命令看看:
git branch
`* mas
现在,你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发,就必须创建远程origin的dev分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支:
git checkout -b dev origin/dev
现在,他就可以在dev上继续修改,然后,时不时地把dev分支push到远程:
git commit -m "add /usr/bin/env"
[dev 291bea8] add /usr/bin/env
3 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
git push origin dev
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 359 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
fc38031..291bea8 dev -> dev
你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送:
git add hello.py
gi
git commit -m "add coding: utf-8"
[dev bd6ae48] add coding: utf-8
3 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
git push origin dev
To git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:suny/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')
hint: before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:
git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
From github.com:michaelliao/learngit
fc38031..291bea8 dev -> origin/dev
There is no tracking information for the current branch. Please specify which branch you want to merge with. See git-pull(1) for details
git pull <remote> <branch>
If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:
git branch --set-upstream dev origin/<branch>
git pull也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev分支的链接,根据提示,设置dev和origin/dev的链接:
多人协作
当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的master分支和远程的master分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是origin。
要查看远程库的信息,用git remote:
git remote
origin
或者,用git remote -v显示更详细的信息:
git remote -v
origin git@github.com:suny/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:suny/learngit.git (push)
上面显示了可以抓取和推送的origin的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。
推送分支
推送分支,就是把该分支上的所有本地提交推送到远程库。推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上:
git push origin master
如果要推送其他分支,比如dev,就改成:
git push origin dev
master分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步;
dev分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步;
抓取分支
多人协作时,大家都会往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。
现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆:
git clone git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 46, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (20/20), done.
remote: Total 46 (delta 16), reused 45 (delta 15)
Receiving objects: 100% (46/46), 105.69 KiB | 25 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (19/19), done.
当你的小伙伴从远程库clone时,默认情况下,你的小伙伴只能看到本地的master分支。不信可以用git branch命令看看:
git branch
- master
现在,你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发,就必须创建远程origin的dev分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支:
git checkout -b dev origin/dev
现在,他就可以在dev上继续修改,然后,时不时地把dev分支push到远程:
git commit -m "add /usr/bin/env"
[dev 291bea8] add /usr/bin/env
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
git push origin dev
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 349 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:suny/learngit.git fc38031..291bea8 dev -> dev
你的小伙伴已经向origin/dev分支推送了他的提交,而碰巧你也对同样的文件作了修改,并试图推送:
$git add hello.py
$ git commit -m "add coding: utf-8"
[dev bd6ae48] add coding: utf-8
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git push origin dev
To git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:suny/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')
hint: before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
推送失败,因为你的小伙伴的最新提交和你试图推送的提交有冲突,解决办法也很简单,Git已经提示我们,先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:
git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From github.com:suny/learngit
fc38031..291bea8 dev -> origin/dev
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details
git pull <remote> <branch>
If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:
git branch --set-upstream dev origin/<branch>
git pull也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev分支的链接,根据提示,设置dev和origin/dev的链接:
git branch --set-upstream dev origin/dev
Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin.
再pull:
$
git pull
Auto-merging hello.py
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.py
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
这回git pull成功,但是合并有冲突,需要手动解决,解决的方法和分支管理中的解决冲突完全一样。解决后,提交,再push:
$ git commit -m "merge & fix hello.py"
[dev adca45d] merge & fix hello.py
$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 10, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (9/9), 747 bytes, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:suny/learngit.git
291bea8..adca45d dev -> dev