達爾文的生活和遺產 BBC LEARNNG

DARWIN: THE LIFE AND LEGACY

中文名稱(Chinese name):

達爾文的生活和遺產

別名(Alias):

達爾文的畢生奉獻

英文名稱(English name):

DARWIN: THE LIFE AND LEGACY

Darwin: The Life The Legacy

講述者(Narrator):

娜馨·麥考利(Roisin McAuley)

制片人/導演(producer / director):

維維·西姆森(Vyv Simson)


攝影(Photography)

史蒂夫·奧根(Steve Organ)

吉姆·畢曉普(Jim Biahop)

音響(Sound)

肖恩·坡(Sean Poe)


制作公司(Production company):

英國廣播公司(British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC))

影片類型(Film type):

傳記記錄片(Biography Documentary)

版本/格式(Edition/Format)

MVGroup / DVD

發布日期(Release date):

1998年(英國)

播放頻道(Playing Channel):

英國廣播公司學習頻道(BBC LEARNNG)

影片數目(Number of films):

二集

BBC: Darwin The Life

BBC: Darwin The Legacy

地區(Area):

英國(British)

語言(Language):

英語(English)


技術規格(Technical Specs):

視頻編解碼器(Video Codec):DivX 5.2.1(waffleday)

視頻比特率(Video Bitrate):1512 kb / s

視頻分辨率(Video Resolution):624x464

音頻編解碼器(Audio Codec):0x0055 MPEG-1 Layer 3

音頻比特率(Audio BitRate):135kb/s VBR 48000 Hz

音頻語言(Audio Languages):英語(English)

字幕(Subtitles):無(None)

運行時間(RunTime Per Part):59+59分鐘(118mn)

文件大小(Part Size):(700.31+700.14 Mb)1.37 GB


人物簡介(Character profile):

Roisin McAuley is a BBC Radio Ulster

娜馨·麥考利(Roisin McAuley)是英國廣播公司(BBC)廣播電臺的一名電臺記者,目前正主持電臺星期日的節目。她在北愛爾蘭泰隆郡的庫克斯敦長大,後來去了一所女修道院寄宿學校,然後來到貝爾法斯特女王大學學習曆史。

她於1969加入位於北愛爾蘭的英國廣播公司,是電視臺第一位信天主教的女播音員。她後來成為英國廣播公司《焦點》(Spotlight)、《新聞之夜》(Newsnight)、《全景》(Panorama)和《第四時事》(File on 4)節目的記者。她還制作並執導了英國獨立電視臺(Independent Television ITV)和英國第四頻道(Channel 4)的電視紀錄片,並在英國廣播公司(BBC)的第三和第四頻道上撰寫和播出節目。

娜馨·麥考利出版了她的頭兩本小說《歌唱的鳥》(Singing Bird)和《相遇的時刻》(Meeting Point),她出版的《世界權利》(world rights)一書在2004年和2005年中被拍賣。其中美國的版權賣給了哈珀·柯林斯出版社,還有賣給了荷蘭人和德國人的書籍版權,娜馨·麥考利的下兩本書《尋找心家園》(Finding Home)和《法國秘密》(French Secrets)的版權在2005年賣給在英國的時代華納圖書公司。

Roisin McAuley Books - Singing Bird
Roisin McAuley Books - Meeting Point
Roisin McAuley Books - Finding Home
Roisin McAuley Books - French Secrets

娜馨是英國廣播公司(BBC)廣播員、音樂家托尼·麥考利(Tony McAuley)的妹妹,也是英國北愛爾蘭東北部安特裏姆郡畫家查爾斯·麥考利(Charles McAuley)的侄女。

她和丈夫理查德住在北愛爾蘭。


Roisin McAuley is a BBC Radio Ulster and currently presents Sunday Sequence. She grew up in Cookstown in County Tyrone went to a convent boarding school, and then to Queen's University Belfast to study history.

She joined BBC Northern Ireland in 1969 and was the broadcaster's first Catholic female newsreader and announcer. She went on to become a reporter for BBC programmes such as Spotlight, Newsnight, Panorama and File on 4. She has also produced and directed television documentaries for ITV and Channel 4 and written and presented programmes on BBC Radio 3 and 4.

Roisin McAuley's first two novels, Singing Bird and Meeting Point, were sold at auction to Headline (world rights) who published in 2004 and 2005. The US rights sold to HarperCollins, Dutch rights to House of Books and the German rights to Droemer. The rights to Roisin McAuley's next two books, "Finding Home" and "French Secrets" were sold to Time Warner Books UK in 2005.

Roisin is the sister of BBC broadcaster and musician Tony McAuley and niece of Glens of Antrim painter Charles McAuley.

She lives in Northern Ireland with her husband, Richard.

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


內容簡介(Content validity):

國內中文介紹:

本紀錄片分為兩段,分別講述達爾文的一生追求,以及他所做的卓越貢獻。

Charles Robert Darwin 1809-1882

查爾斯·羅伯特·達爾文(英語:Charles Robert Darwin,1809年2月12日-1882年4月19日),又譯達爾溫,是一位英國著名的生物學家、博物學家,達爾文早期因地質學研究而著名,而後又提出科學證據,證明所有生物物種是由少數共同祖先,經過長時間的自然選擇過程後演化而成。到了1930年代,達爾文的理論成為對演化機制的主要詮釋,並成為現代演化思想的基礎,在科學上可對生物多樣性進行一致且合理的解釋,是現今生物學的基石。

在愛丁堡大學研讀醫學期間,達爾文對自然史逐漸產生興趣。而他後來又到劍橋大學學習神學。達爾文在參與了小獵犬號的五年航行之後,成為了一位地質學家。他進行觀察並提出理論來支持查理斯·萊爾的均變思想。回英國後所出版的《小獵犬號航行之旅》,使其成為著名作家。由於在航行期間對所見生物與化石的地理分佈感到困惑,達爾文開始對物種轉變進行研究,並且在1838年得出了他的自然選擇理論。由於這類思想在當時被視為異端,因此達爾文剛開始只對親近的朋友透露這些想法,並持續進行進一步的研究,以應付可能遭遇的反對。到了1858年,阿弗雷德·羅素·華萊士寄給他一篇含有相似理論的論文,促使達爾文決定與其共同發表這項理論。

1859年出版的《物種起源》,使起源於共同祖先的演化,成為對自然界多樣性的一項重要科學解釋。之後達爾文《人類與動物的情感表達》以及《人類由來與性擇》中,闡釋人類的演化與性選擇的作用。他也針對植物研究發表了一系列的書籍,在最後一本著作中,達爾文討論了蚯蚓對土壤的影響。為了表彰他傑出成就,達爾文死後安葬於牛頓與約翰·赫歇爾的墓旁,地點就在英國倫敦的西敏寺。


國外英文介紹:

Roisin McAuley is a BBC Radio Ulster

由娜馨·麥考利(Roisin McAuley)主持的傳記記錄片,1998年由英國廣播公司(BBC)出版(英語旁白)。

1859出版的查爾斯·達爾文(Charles Darwin)的進化論震撼了學術界。今天,他的學術遺產將變得比以往任何時候都更有爭議,因為生物學正在取代物理學成為下一世紀的最高科學。

生活

在這兩部電影的第一部,這部電影審視了查爾斯·達爾文的一生,追溯了他的偉大思想的發展曆程——以及對《科學》中最具革命性思想的傳統人的悖論進行了研究。

遺產

第二部電影探索查爾斯·達爾文思想的變化影響,揭示了不同的政治思想家如何抓住達爾文主義,為他們構建的社會模式進行辯護。在達爾文之前,維多利亞時代的人相信上帝創造並將所有物種置於地球之上,並賦予人類對動物的統治權。但達爾文的激進思想挑戰了現狀,並對社會產生了截然不同的影響。


Biography Documentary hosted by Roisin McAuley and published by BBC in 1998 - English narration.

Published in 1859, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution rocked the academic world. Today, his legacy is due to become more controversial than ever, as biology moves to replace physics as the supreme science of the next century.

Life

In the first of two installments, this film examines the life of Charles Darwin, tracing the development of his big idea - evolution - and examining the paradox of the conventional man who developed one of the most revolutionary ideas in science.

Legacy

Film exploring the changing impact of the ideas of Charles Darwin, revealing how different political thinkers have seized on Darwinism to justify their proposed models for society. Before Darwin, Victorians believed that God created and placed all species on Earth and gave man dominion over animals. But Darwin's radical ideas challenged the status quo and have since influenced radically different models for society.


由英國廣播公司(BBC)導播

僅美國客戶。第一部分,英國廣播公司的查爾斯·達爾文的描述集中於他的早期生活和他的影響,是根據他在英國什魯斯伯裏(Shrewsbury 譯者注:英格蘭西部一城市)滋生出的自然主義者,形成了他的主要著作《物種起源》的出版。為了給達爾文的革命思想提供一個背景基礎,該項目考察了對他主要影響因素,包括托馬斯·馬爾薩斯(Thomas Malthus)和羅伯特·埃德蒙·格蘭特(Robert Edmund Grant),以及作為博物學家在貝格爾號(HMS)上他對生活觀念發生的變化。這一項目將為學生們提供解答達爾文個人工作和生活曆史背景知識的鑰匙,包括達爾文傳記作者珍妮·特布朗(Janet Browne)、詹姆斯·摩爾(James Moore)、阿德裏安·德斯圖德(Adrian Desmond)以及著名學者羅伯特·麥斯威爾·楊(Robert Maxwell Young)。

英國廣播公司所制作的查爾斯·達爾文的這幅肖像畫的第二部分著重描述了關於他的進化理論和他的著作所產生的巨大影響。利用自然選擇作為起點,該項目探討了達爾文的研究中經常引起爭議的問題,包括優生學(Eugenics 譯者注:利用遺傳學原理通過控制婚配來提高人類素質)、群體選擇(Group Selection)、社會生物學(Sociobiology)、進化心理學(Evolutionary Psychology)和共同進化(Coevolution)。雖然達爾文的理論是這些思想的核心,但它們都為我們提供了一個關於進化思想能教給我們人類本性深遠影響的論述基礎。

著名學者包括:牛津大學的理查德·道金斯(Richard Dawkins)、倫敦大學學院的阿德裏安·德斯蒙德(Adrian Desmond)、羅格斯大學的羅伯特·特裏弗斯(Robert Trivers)、哈佛大學的愛德華 O.威爾遜(Edward O. Wilson)和聖達菲研究所的斯圖亞特·考夫曼(Stuart Kauffman)等人,另外,該項目為討論達爾文的爭議性研究提供了一種學術底蘊。


Directed by BBC

US Customers Only. Part one this BBC portrait of Charles Darwin focuses on his early life and influences tracing his maturation as a naturalist from his birth in Shrewsbury, England to the publication of his key work the Origin of Species. To provide a contextual base for Darwin's revolutionary ideas, the program examines his key influences including Thomas Malthus and Robert Edmund Grant as well as his life changing experience as the ship naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Featuring Darwin Biographers Janet Browne, James Moore, and Adrian Desmond as well as noted scholar Robert M. Young, the program will provide students with the personal and historic background key to understanding the work and life of Darwin.

Part two of this BBC portrait of Charles Darwin focuses on the legacy of his theories on evolution and the implications of his writings. Using Natural Selection as a starting point, the program explores the often contentious implications of Darwin's work including: Eugenics, Group Selection, Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology and Coevolution. While Darwin's theories are central to these ideas, they each provide a basis of discourse on the far-reaching implications of what evolutionary thought can teach us about human nature.

Featuring scholars Richard Dawkins (Oxford University), Adrian Desmond (University College, London), Robert Trivers (Rutgers Univerity), Edward O. Wilson (Harvard University), Stuart Kauffman (Santa Fe Institute), and others, the program provides an academic primer for discussions on the implications of Darwin's still controversial work.

(文字來源:Kino Lorber Theatrical)


著名學者(Famous scholar):

托馬斯·羅伯特·馬爾薩斯(Thomas Robert Malthus)

Thomas Robert Malthus 1766 - 1834

托馬斯·馬爾薩斯(1766年2月13日- 1834年12月23日)是一名英國傳教士和學者,在政治經濟和人口統計學領域有很大的影響力。馬爾薩斯本人只使用了他的中間名羅伯特。

在1798年出版的《人口論》(Essay on the Principle of Population)一書中,馬爾薩斯觀察到,一個國家的糧食生產的增加改善了民眾的福祉,但這種改善只是暫時的,因為它導致了人口增長,反過來又恢複了原始的人均生產水平。換句話說,人類傾向於利用豐富的人口增長而不是維持高水平的生活,這種觀點被稱為“馬爾薩斯陷阱”或“馬爾薩斯幽靈”。人口不斷增長的趨勢,造成下層階級遭受苦難和失望,增加了對饑荒和疾病更家敏銳,這種觀點有時被稱為馬爾薩斯的災難。馬爾薩斯反對十八世紀歐洲流行的觀點,認為社會在不斷完善,在原則上是完美的。他認為,只要條件有所改善,人口增長是不可避免的,從而阻礙了實現烏托邦社會的真正進展:“人口的力量永遠大於地球上為人類提供生存所需的力量”。作為一名聖公會牧師,馬爾薩斯認為這種情況是神聖的,用來教導道德行為。馬爾薩斯寫道:

        人口增長必然受到生存方式的限制,

        當生活方式得到改善時,人口數量必然會增加,

        人的優越力量被道德約束、罪惡和痛苦受到壓制。

馬爾薩斯批評窮困的法律導致了通貨膨脹,而這種法律不是改善窮人的福利。他支持對穀物進口征稅(穀物法),因為糧食安全比財富最大化更重要。他的觀點在經濟、政治、社會和科學各界的思想中產生了影響和爭議。進化生物學的先驅們認真讀他的書,特別是查爾斯·達爾文和阿爾弗雷德·羅素·華萊士。但他們仍舊是一個飽受爭議的作家。


Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766– 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name, Robert.

In his 1798 book An Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the well-being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level. In other words, mankind had a propensity to utilize abundance for population growth rather than for maintaining a high standard of living, a view that has become known as the "Malthusian trap" or the "Malthusian spectre". Populations had a tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship and want and greater susceptibility to famine and disease, a view that is sometimes referred to as a Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible. He saw population growth as being inevitable whenever conditions improved, thereby precluding real progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man". As an Anglican cleric, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour. Malthus wrote:

      That the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence,

      That population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and,

      That the superior power of population is repressed by moral restraint, vice and misery.

Malthus criticized the Poor Laws for leading to inflation rather than improving the well-being of the poor. He supported taxes on grain imports (the Corn Laws), because food security was more important than maximizing wealth. His views became influential, and controversial, across economic, political, social and scientific thought. Pioneers of evolutionary biology read him, notably Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. He remains a much-debated writer.

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


羅伯特·埃德蒙·格蘭特(Robert Edmund Grant)

Robert Grant in 1852 aged 59 (1793 - 1874)

羅伯特·格蘭特(1793年11月11日- 1874年8月23日)是英國解剖學家和動物學家。

格蘭特遊曆甚廣,訪問了法國、德國、意大利和瑞士的大學。他與法國動物學家艾蒂安·傑弗裏·聖-希爾萊爾(Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire)有過接觸,他發布了一種類似於讓·巴蒂斯特·拉馬克(Jean-Baptiste Lamarck)的進化論的觀點。

格蘭特研究了蘇格蘭愛丁堡附近的福斯灣(Firth of Forth)附近的海洋生物,在他在普雷斯頓潘斯一所房子和漁船附近收集標本,並成為海綿和海蛞蝓生物學方面的專家。他認為同樣的生命法則影響了所有的生物體,從單細胞生物到人類(在這種情況下,單細胞生物指的是假定的原始生物或有機生命單位)。在傑弗洛伊(Geoffroy)之後,格蘭特把生命安排在一個鏈條上,或者是自動扶梯,它的基座上出現了自發形成的單體,使它不斷向上移動。

1824年,格蘭特做了關於無脊椎動物的講座,介紹了他們的比較解剖學,這些都是代替約翰·巴克利(John Barclay)的。他還被選為愛丁堡皇家學會的會員。


Robert Edmond Grant (11 November 1793– 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist.

Grant travelled widely, visiting universities in France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland. He came into contact with the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire who promulgated a view on evolution similar to that of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's.

Grant studied marine life around the Firth of Forth, collecting specimens around the shores near a house he took at Prestonpans as well as from fishing boats, and becoming an expert on the biology of sponges and sea-slugs. He considered that the same laws of life affected all organisms, from monad to man (in this context monad means a hypothetical primitive living organism or unit of organic life). Following Geoffroy, Grant arranged life into a chain, or an escalator, which was kept moving upwards by the appearance of spontaneously emerging monads at its base.

In 1824 Grant gave lectures on invertebrates, covering their comparative anatomy; these were in place of John Barclay. He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


伊麗莎白·珍妮特·布朗(Elizabeth Janet Browne)

Historian of science Janet Browne, introducing Steven Shapin before his Distinguished Lecture at the 2008 History of Science Society meeting

珍妮特·特布朗(Janet Browne)出生於1950年3月30日,是一位英國的科學曆史學家,她以研究十九世紀生物學的曆史而聞名。在返回哈佛之前,她在倫敦大學學院的醫學史惠康基金會(Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine)任教。她目前是哈佛大學科學史教授。

在劍橋大學圖書館項目擔任副編輯時期,她收集、編輯和出版查爾斯·達爾文的信件後,她又寫了兩卷本自然學家的傳記:第一本《查爾斯·達爾文:航行》(Charles Darwin: Voyaging 1995),主要描寫在他年輕的時候,跟隨小獵犬號航行的情景。第二本《查爾斯·達爾文:地方的力量》(Charles Darwin: The Power of Place 2002),涵蓋了他進化論出版後的進化演變的狀況。後一本書因其對達爾文書信集在科學理論形成和科學支持的形成中的作用,具有創新性詮釋而獲得好評。在2004年,這本書卷贏得了科學曆史協會頒發的“輝瑞獎”,該獎項是頒發給個人學術著作的最高榮譽。2003年,它還獲得了詹姆斯·泰特·布萊克紀念獎。

布朗目前擔任哈佛大學科學史上的阿拉蒙教授。她的專長是生命科學、自然曆史和從十七世紀到二十世紀進化生物學的研究工作。

Janet Browne Books - Charles Darwin Voyaging (1995)
Janet Browne Books - Charles Darwin The Power of Place (2002)



Elizabeth Janet Browne (née Bell, born 30 March 1950) is a British historian of science, known especially for her work on the history of 19th-century biology. She taught at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College, London, before returning to Harvard. She is currently Aramont Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University.

After working as an associate editor on the University of Cambridge Library project to collect, edit, and publish the correspondence of Charles Darwin, she wrote a two volume biography of the naturalist: Charles Darwin: Voyaging (1995), on his youth and years on the Beagle, and Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (2002), covering the years after the publication of his theory of evolution. The latter book has received acclaim for its innovative interpretation of the role of Darwin's correspondence in the formation of his scientific theory and recruitment of scientific support. In 2003, it also won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Biography.

Browne currently serves as the Aramont Professor in the History of Science at Harvard University. She specializes in life sciences, natural history, and evolutionary biology from the 17th to the 20th century.

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


詹姆斯·理查德·摩爾(James Richard Moore)

James Richard Moore 1947 -

詹姆斯·摩爾,開放大學的曆史學家,劍橋大學和哈佛大學的訪問學者,被認為是查爾斯·達爾文的幾本傳記的作者。作為劍橋大學的研究學者和開放大學的教職人員,他自上世紀七十年代以來就一直在研究和撰寫關於達爾文的著作,與阿德利德·德斯蒙德合著的主要傳記《達爾文》,並撰寫了達爾文的傳奇、後達爾文的爭議,以及許多文章和評論。他出生於1947年3月13日,在芝加哥的一個原教旨主義家庭長大,他認為查爾斯·達爾文是上帝的敵人。


James Richard Moore, historian of science at the Open University and the University of Cambridge and visiting scholar at Harvard University, is noted as the author of several biographies of Charles Darwin. As a Cambridge research scholar and a member of the teaching staff at the Open University, he has studied and written about Darwin since the 1970s, co-authoring with Adrian Desmond the major biography "Darwin", and also writing "The Darwin Legend," "The Post Darwin Controversies," and many articles and reviews. He was born March 13th 1947 and brought up in a fundamentalist family in Chicago with the idea that Charles Darwin was an enemy of God.

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


阿德裏安·約翰·德斯蒙德(Adrian John Desmond)

Adrian John Desmond 1947 -

阿德裏安·約翰·德斯蒙德(生於1947年)是一位英國曆史學家,著有關於查爾斯·達爾文的書籍。

他曾在倫敦大學學習生理學,之後在倫敦大學學院學習了科學和脊椎動物古生物學的曆史,隨後又在哈佛大學繼續學習脊椎動物古生物學的曆史。他被授予在維多利亞時代的達爾文進化論領域的博士學位。德斯蒙德目前是倫敦大學學院生物系的名譽研究員。

德斯蒙德和詹姆斯·摩爾合著的《達爾文》(Darwin 1991),這部著作獲得了詹姆斯·泰特·布萊克獎,意大利的科摩裏斯傳記獎,美國科學學會的沃森·戴維斯獎和英國科學曆史學會的丁格爾獎。

Darwin (1991)

德斯蒙德和珍妮特·布朗和詹姆斯·摩爾三人合著的《查爾斯·達爾文(非常有趣之人)》(Charles Darwin (Very Interesting People 2007)。

Charles Darwin (Very Interesting People (2007)

德斯蒙德和詹姆斯·摩爾合著的《達爾文的神聖根源:種族,奴隸制和追求人類起源》(Darwin's Sacred Cause: Race, Slavery, and the Quest for Human Origins 2009)。

Darwin's Sacred Cause Race, Slavery, and the Quest for Human Origins (2009)



Adrian John Desmond (born 1947) is an English writer on the history of science and author of books about Charles Darwin.

He studied physiology at London University and went on to study history of science and vertebrate palaeontology at University College London before researching the history of vertebrate palaeontology at Harvard University. He was awarded a Ph.D. in the area of the Victorian-period context of Darwinian evolution. Desmond is an Honorary Research Fellow in the Biology Department at University College London.

Darwin (1991) with James Moore. This work won the James Tait Black Prize, the Comisso Prize for biography in Italy, the Watson Davis Prize of the US History of Science Society and the Dingle Prize of the British Society for the History of Science.

Charles Darwin (Very Interesting People) with Janet Browne & James Moore (2007)

Darwin's Sacred Cause: Race, Slavery, and the Quest for Human Origins with James Moore (2009)

(文字來源:Wikipedia)


羅伯特·麥斯威爾·楊(Robert Maxwell Young)

羅伯特·楊(1935年9月26日出生)他是美國專門研究十九世紀科學曆史的學者,他特別崇尚達爾文主義的思想,還是一位生物學和人文科學相結合的哲學家,以及一個克萊恩式的精神治療專家。楊的最初教育是在美國,在耶魯大學和羅切斯特大學醫學院,但在1960年,他來到劍橋大學,獲得了關於心智和大腦思想曆史的博士學位。由此產生的專著《心靈、大腦和適應》(Mind, Brain and Adaptation)被彼得·蓋伊(Peter Gay)稱為“現代經典”。從1964年到1976年,他是劍橋大學國王學院的研究生和研究生導師,並成為劍橋大學曆史與哲學系設立的“維康醫學曆史系”的首任主任。從1976年到1983年,他是一名全職作家。在這個時期,他的許多政治活動和寫作都涉及到對科學、技術和醫學的激進批判。

他認為,在各種各樣的書籍和論文中,科學、技術和醫學——遠不是價值的中立——而是理論、事物和醫療的價值體現,是在事實和人工制品,在規程和程序中。簡單地說,所有的事實都是理論性的,所有的理論都是有價值的,所有的價值觀都發生在意識形態或世界觀中。科學家和技術人員追求議程;他們有自然的哲學,世界觀,通常心照不宣。


Robert Maxwell Young,  (born September 26, 1935), is a historian of science specialising in the 19th century and particularly Darwinian thought, a philosopher of the biological and human sciences, and a Kleinian psychotherapist. Young's initial education was in the United States, at Yale University and the University of Rochester Medical School, but in 1960 he moved to the University of Cambridge for his PhD on the history of ideas of mind and brain. The resulting monograph, Mind, Brain and Adaptation, has been called 'a modern classic' by Peter Gay. From 1964 to 1976 he was a Fellow and Graduate Tutor of King's College, Cambridge and became the first Director of the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine set up within the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge. From 1976 to 1983 he was a full-time writer. In this period much of his political activities and writing involved radical critiques of science, technology and medicine.

In various books and papers he has argued that science, technology and medicine—far from being value-neutral—are the embodiment of values in theories, things and therapies, in facts and artefacts, in procedures and programs. Succinctly put, all facts are theory-laden, all theories are value-laden, and all values occur within an ideology or world view. Scientists and technologists pursue agendas; they have philosophies of nature, world views, usually tacitly held.



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