概念解析
魔法方法是python的一种高级语法,他们是可以给你的类增加“magic”的特殊方法,比如:增加一些额外的功能。函数格式为_ xx _(被双下划线包围的函数)。
魔法方法
- 基本定制
object.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) # 构造器,创建完对象后调用,进行当前实例的初始化
object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) # 构造器,创建对象时调用,返回值是一个对象
object.__del__(self) # 解构器,删除对象时调用
object.__str__(self) # 若类C中实现此方法,当str(C())时此方法被调用
object.__len__(self) # 若类C中实现此方法,当len(C())时此方法被调用
测试代码如下:
# coding=utf-8
class MagicDemo(object):
def __init__(self):
"""对当前对象的实例的一些初始化"""
print "call me second"
self.value = [1, 2, 3]
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
"""
真正的构造函数,先于__init__调用,
返回创建的对象
"""
print "call me first"
return super(MagicDemo, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
def __del__(self):
print "call __del__"
del self
def __len__(self):
print "call __len__"
return len(self.value)
def __str__(self):
return "call __str__"
if __name__ == '__main__':
mag = MagicDemo()
print mag.value
print len(mag)
print str(mag)
del mag
运行结果如下:
call me first
call me second
[1, 2, 3]
call __len__
3
call __str__
call __del__
- 比较函数
object.__lt__(self, obj) # 小于比较 <
object.__le__(self, obj) # 小于或等于 <=
object.__gt__(self, obj) # 大于 >
object.__ge__(self, obj) # 大于多等于 >=
object.__eq__(self, obj) # 等于 ==
object.__ne__(self, obj) # 不等于 !=
测试代码如下:
# coding=utf-8
class MagicDemo(object):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __lt__(self, obj):
print "call the __lt__"
return self.value < obj.value
def __le__(self, obj):
print "call the __le__"
return self.value <= obj.value
def __gt__(self, obj):
print "call the __gt__"
return self.value > obj.value
def __ge__(self, obj):
print "call the __ge__"
return self.value >= obj.value
def __eq__(self, obj):
print "call the __eq__"
return self.value == obj.value
def __ne__(self, obj):
print "call the __ne__"
return self.value != obj.value
if __name__ == '__main__':
mag1 = MagicDemo(5)
mag2 = MagicDemo(6)
print mag1 < mag2
print mag1 <= mag2
print mag1 > mag2
print mag1 >= mag2
print mag1 == mag2
print mag1 != mag2
运行结果如下:
call the __lt__
True
call the __le__
True
call the __gt__
False
call the __ge__
False
call the __eq__
False
call the __ne__
True
- 属性操作
object.__getattr__(self, attr) # 获取属性,仅当属性找不到时被调用
object.__setattr__(self, attr, val) # 设置属性,当设置属性的值时被调用
object.__delattr__(self, attr) # 删除属性时被调用
object.__getattribute__(self, attr) # 获取属性,总是被调用,发生异常时调用__getattr__
object.__get__(self, attr) #(描述符)获取属性
object.__set__(self, attr, val) #(描述符)设置属性
object.__delete__(self, attr) #(描述符)删除属性
测试代码(描述符的三个属性暂不说明)
# coding=utf-8
class MagicDemo(object):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
def __getattr__(self, attr):
"""找不到属性时被调用"""
print "call __getattr__"
return "%s no found" % attr
def __setattr__(self, attr, value):
print "call __setattr__"
self.__dict__[attr] = value
def __delattr__(self, attr):
print "call __delattr__"
del self.__dict__[attr]
def __getattribute__(self, attr):
"""此方法只适用于新式类"""
print "call __getattribute__"
# return self.__dict__[name]
# 为了避免陷入死循环
return object.__getattribute__(self, attr)
if __name__ == '__main__':
mag = MagicDemo(5)
print "_______________"
mag.value = 6
print "_______________"
print mag.value
print "_______________"
print mag.xxx
测试结果如下:
call __setattr__
call __getattribute__
_______________
call __setattr__
call __getattribute__
_______________
call __getattribute__
6
_______________
call __getattribute__
call __getattr__
xxx no found
可以看出,当访问对象的属性时,__getattribute__
总是被调用(新式类中有效),当找不到属性时,将调用__getattr__
。其中__getattribute__
调用基类的方法是为了陷入死循环,因为__getattribute__
总是无条件的被调用。
- 自定义序列
object.__getitem__(self, key) # 得到单个序列元素
object.__setitem__(self, key, val) # 设置单个序列元素
object.__delitem__(self, key) # 删除单个序列元素
object.__contains__(self, key) # 测试序列元素,使用in时调用
object.__iter__(self) # 返回一个迭代器
测试代码:
# coding=utf-8
class MagicDemo(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value = dict()
def __getitem__(self, key):
print "call the __getitem__"
return self.value[key]
def __setitem__(self, key, val):
print "call the __setitem__"
self.value[key] = val
def __delitem__(self, key):
print "call the __delitem__"
del self.value[key]
def __contains__(self, key):
print "call the __contains__"
return key in self.value
if __name__ == '__main__':
mag = MagicDemo()
mag["name"] = "hello"
print "_______________"
print mag["name"]
print "_______________"
print "xxx" in mag
测试结果如下:
call the __setitem__
_______________
call the __getitem__
hello
_______________
call the __contains__
False
需要注意的是当属性为dict
时通过键值对进行赋值,当为list
时,通过下标进行赋值。