Servlet
Servlet简介
- Sevlet就是sun公式开发动态web的一门技术
- Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤
- 编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
- 把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
HelloServlet
Servlet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet
- 创建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src项目,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
- 关于Maven父子工程
- 父项目中会有
子项目会有<modules> <module>servlet-01</module> </modules>
父项目中的Java子项目可以直接使用<parent> <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId> <groupId>com.luo</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
- Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新的
- 将maven的结构搭建完整
- 编写一个Servlet程序
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();// 响应流 writer.print("Hello,Servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(req, resp); } }
- 编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接Web服务器,我们要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能访问的路径.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.luo.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 配置Tomcat
- 启动测试
重写方法快捷键 Alt+Ins
Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用
Mapping
- 一个Servlet 可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- 默认请求路径
<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
较高的优先级
- 指定一些后缀或者前缀等等...
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.asdasda</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
*前面不能加/
- 优先级问题
制定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求
<!-- 404-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.luo.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的servletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个Servlet中获取到;
```java
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("Hello");
// this.getInitParameter(); 初始化参数
// this.getServletConfig(); Servlet配置
// this.getServletContext(); Servlet上下文
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username = "hhh还好";// 数据
servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);// 将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
```
```java
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) servletContext.getAttribute("username");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
```
```xml
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.luo.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.luo.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
```
测试访问的结果
获取初始化参数
<!-- 配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/school</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("进入了转发方法");
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
// RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("gp");// 转发的请求路径
// requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); // 调用forward实现请求转发
servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
读取资源文件
Properties
- 在java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了同一路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath
思路:需要一个文件流
username=root
password=123456
public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
访问测试即可;
HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() thows IOException;
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
响应的状态码
下载文件
- 向浏览器输出消息
- 下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是什么
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// - 要获取下载文件的路径
// 这里把路径写成绝对路径
String realPath = "\\4K壁纸.jpg";
System.out.println(realPath);
// - 下载的文件名是什么
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
// - 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
// 中文名需要URLEncoder来转化编码方式.
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8"));
// - 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
// - 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// - 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
// - 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
while ((len = in.read(buffer))>0){
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
// - 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
验证码功能
验证
- 前端实现
- 后端实现
实现重定向
常见于:
- 用户登录
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.sendRedirect("/response_war/img");// 重定向
// 原理:
// resp.setHeader("Location","/response_war/img");
// resp.setStatus(302);
}
重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:
- 页面都会跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候url不会发生变化
- 重定向时,url地址栏会发生变化
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("进入了Test");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
/*重定向时一定要注意,路径问题,否则会404*/
resp.sendRedirect(req.getContextPath()+"/success.jsp");
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>request</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.luo.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>request</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success</h1>
</body>
</html>
HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequset的方法,获得客户端的所有信息
获取前端传递的参数/请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String pwd = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");
System.out.println("========================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(pwd);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
System.out.println("========================");
// 通过请求转发
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}