narrow the scope(缩小范围)—focus one’s aim

v. increase(增加)—v. surge(急剧上升,激增)

v. mean(表示...的意思)—v. suggest(显示,暗示)

adj. independent(独立的)—n. self-reliance(自立)

n. loneliness(寂寞,孤独) —emotionally islated(情感上的孤独)

adj. necessary(必要的,必须的) —adj. paramount(主要的)

v. restrict(限制,约束) —v. limit(限制,限定)

n. quantity(数量) —how

many(多少)

adj. important(重要的,重大的)—all that mattered(最重要的)

adj. fair(公平的)—adj.

equitable(公平的,公正的)

n. earnings(收入)—n. remuneration, salary, pay(报酬,薪水)

v. disclose(公开,揭露)—v. publicise(公布,宣扬)

caloric restriction(限制热量)—eat fewer calories (摄入较少的热量)

less likely to become diabetic (不太可能患糖尿病)—reduce risk for diabetes(减少患糖尿病的风险)

difference(差异,不同)—v. distinguish(区别,区分)

drug company(医药公司)—pharmaceutical company(制药公司)

finanicial incentives(财政激励)—$1000 honoraria(1000 美元的酬金)

responsible(负责的,有责任的)—n. responsibility(责任,义务)

positive side(积极的一面)—tremendous advantage(极大的优势)

marketing techniques(营销技巧)—marketing pratices(营销方法)

adj. moral(精神上的,道德的)—adj. ethical(道德的)

adj. legitimate(合法的,正当的)—have every right(有权力)

investigate(调查,研究)—v. examine(调查,检查)

infant mortality(婴儿死亡率)—children mortality(儿童死亡率)

v. decline(下降)—v.

halve(使减半,把...对半分)

adj. detailed(详细的)—adj. explicit(详尽的)

on its own(独立地,独自地)—adv. alone(独自地)

not permanent(不是永久的)—adj. short-term(短期的)

adj. potential(潜在的,可能的)—adj. liable(易...的)

v. navigate(导航,确定...的位置和方向)—find their

way(找到他们的路)

early mammals(早期的哺乳动物)—mammalian ancestor(哺乳类动物的祖先)

leg or arm(腿或胳膊)—n.limb(肢;臂)

v. percerve(感知,感觉)—v. sense(感觉)

v. apply(应用)—v.

exploit(利用)

adj. inaccurate(错误的)—adj.

incorrect(错误的)

refer to (指的是,涉及)—talk about(谈论)

the word was first used(首次使用的词)—coin the term(造词)

n. effect(效果,影响)—n. consequence(结果,效果)

downward trend(下跌趋势)—not

rising(没有上升)

adv. primarily(主要地)—adv.

mainly(主要地)

n.ways(方法,途径)—n. approaches(方法,途径)

adj. unimportant(不重要的)—adj. peripheral(次要的)

prior to(在...之前)—adv. beforehand(事先,预先)

well known(众所周知的;出名的)—n. notoriety(声明狼藉)

not destroyed(没有被破坏)—adj.

unscathed(未受损伤的)

severe weather conditions(恶劣的天气条件)—nature’s forces(自然的力量)

observation post(观测点)—n. watchtower(瞭望塔)

adj. religious(宗教的)—v.

Buddhism(佛教)

n. chemicals(化学品)—n.

fertilisers(化肥)

v. decline(下降.衰退)—v. vanish(消失,消灭)

illness caused by food(由食物引起的疾病)—food poisoning(食物中毒)

adj. realistic(现实的,实事求是的)—adj. feasible(可行的)

adj. inaccessible(难达到的,难接近的)—adj. isolated(孤立的)

n. expenditure(支出,花费)—spend...on doing(在...方面花费)

buses and trucks(汽车和卡车)—motorized vehicles(机动车辆)