导读:众所周知,美国这个国家崇尚“实用主义”,对于知识和知识分子怀有近乎本能的怀疑和反感。他们看不起在书斋中孜孜以求的学者,认为他们灌了一肚子墨水,却始终不通人事。文中把美国人的这种国民特性概括为“反智主义”。学校教育本来有责任也有能力抵制这种思想倾向,但事实上,学校反而成了“反智主义”的背后推手。
Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.
“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits①.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitationand control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”
“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education②. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorousbook learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”③ Mark twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplifiedAmerican anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innategoodness④.
难词解释:
1. entrepreneur [ˌɔntrəprəˈnə:] n.企业家
2. pervasive [pəˈveisiv] adj. 普遍的, 蔓延的
e.g. the pervasive mood of pessimism 普遍存在的悲观情绪
联想:pervade v.弥漫
3. counterbalance [ˈkauntəˌbæləns] n.平衡,平衡力
4. vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbəl] adj.易受伤的,脆弱的
e.g. Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home.
在家庭里最容易受到暴力侵犯的就是孩子。
5. exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] n.利用
联想:exploit v.利用
6. elitism [eiˈli:tizəm] n.精英主义
联想:elite n.精英
7. practicality [prækti'kæliti] n.实用性
联想:practical adj.实用的
8. Transcendentalist [trænsen'dentəlist] n.超验主义者
9. rigorous [rigərəs] adj. 严厉的, 严酷的
e.g. the rigorous standards required by the college 大学里严格的要求
10. exemplify [igˈzemplifai] v.(作为)典型(或榜样);举例证明
e.g. This painting exemplifies the artist's early style. 这幅画反映了艺术家早起的风格。
11. innate [ˌiˈneit] adj. 天生的, 固有的
同义词:inherent
难句释义:
●1Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of antiintellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits
【佳译】莱维西最新著作《回顾:一个世纪来学校改革的失败》一书中,追溯学校里反智主义思想的根源,书中的结论是:它们根本不能平衡美国人对追求知识的反感。
【精析】句子的主干是Razitch’s latest book...traces the roots...。Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms是书的同位语,concluding现在分词在句中充当状语。
●2Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing”
【佳译】拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和僵化的书本学习会遏制孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年,最后带着满腹经纶出来,却什么都不知道。”
【精析】put restraints on...表示“对……加以束缚”;a bellyful of…表示“一肚子……”。
【赏评】这一段揭示了美国著名思想家爱默生对于学校教育的看法。爱默生、梭罗都是美国超验主义的代表人物,他们崇尚自然,主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理。他们认为那种呆板的教育束缚了儿童的天性。
●3Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American antiintellectualism Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness
【佳译】马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·芬历险记》即是美国反智主义的例证。该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学和不学习读书写字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。
【精析】exemplify一词表示“充当……的典型”;civilize一词的意思是“教化”,civilized是形容词,表示“文明的,有教养的”。
【赏评】这里提到了马克·吐温的名作《哈克贝利·芬历险记》。众所周知,《哈克贝利·芬历险记》和《汤姆·索亚历险记》这两部文学作品对于美国人的性格塑造起到了很关键的作用。哈利和汤姆是两个贪玩但是善良的小孩,他们厌恶学习,对一切有趣的东西充满兴趣。
写作佳句
1place a high value on sth对……给予很高评价
Despite all their differences, men and women place high value on one trait: fidelity 尽管意见不同,但男女两性全都对一个品质给出了高度评价,那就是忠诚。
2be vulnerable to sth易受……的伤害
She is very young and vulnerable to temptation 她很年轻,易受诱惑。
翻译:
今天的美国人对才智并不很看重。我们的英雄不是学者,而是运动员、演艺圈名星和企业家。学校甚至也只是我们送孩子去接受实用教育的地方,而不是让他们为了学问而去追求知识的地方。不难发现学校里有普遍的反智主义现象。
教育学作家戴安.莱维西说:“社会始终重视实用胜于重视才智,而学校本来可以起到一种平衡作用。”莱维西最新著作《落后:学校改革失败的一个世纪》探索学校里反智主义倾向的根源。书中得出这样一条结论:美国学校在扭转反智主义倾向方面没有起到丝毫的作用。
但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。鼓励孩子们排斥思想使得他们极易被利用和控制。如果没有批判思考的能力、不能为自己的想法辩论、不能理解他人的想法,他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主体制。作家厄尔.绍利斯说,沿着这条道路发展下去,“我们将变为一个二流国家。我们的社会将不再那么文明。”
在《美国生活中的反智主义》一书中,历史学家兼教授理查德.霍夫斯塔特写道:“才智被看作一种权利或特权,遭人忌恨。”该书曾获得普利策奖,探讨了美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源。霍夫斯塔特说:自美国的历史之初,我们民主化和大众化的潮流就使我们排斥任何和精英搭边的东西。美国人一直认为,实用性、常识以及与生俱来的才智比从书本里学得的任何东西都高贵。
拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和刻板的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们从小学到大学,寒窗苦读十年或十五年,到头来满肚子墨水,却啥都不懂。”马克.吐温的小说《哈克贝利.芬》即是美国反智主义的例证。该书的主人公逃避教化——不上学和不学习读书写字——因此他才得以保住善良的天性。