-ist | -ism
-ister/-ast
-ist为名词后缀,也可作形容词;-ism为名词后缀
❈-ist来源于法语中的-iste和拉丁语中的-ista,表示“与...相关的人”,缀合在一般动作或名词后表示动作的实施者或相关职业者;缀合在一些学科名词后表示学科专家或学者;缀合在-ism结尾的同源词根后表示“...主义者”或“...主义的”。-ist有时有变体-ister(法语-istre),如magister、minister、chroister 、barrister、register等;有时有变体-ast(法语-ast、拉丁语-asta、希腊语-astes),如dynast、enthusiast等。
一般在词根或单词后直接缀合,如
solo→soloist
vocal→vocalist
guitar→guitarist
organ→organist
theory→theorist
machine→machinist
tour→tourist
essay→essayist
acupuncture→acupuncturist
therapy→therapist
special→specialist
journal→journalist
专家、学者
-the-→theist
-lingu-→linguist
art→artist
science→scientist
education→educationist
physics→physicist
chemistry→chemist
economy→economist
psychology→psychologist
archaeology→archaeologist
❈-ism来源于法语中的-isme,拉丁语中的-isma、-ismas、希腊语中的-ismos,表示某种特性、系统理论、教义、主义等,常有-ist结尾的词与其对应。
某种理论、行为、特性
critic→criticism
baptize→baptism
hero→heroism
enthusiast→enthusiasm
fanatic→fanaticism
organ→organism
machine→mechanism
metabolic→metabolism
American→Americanism
Italian→Italianism
某种教义和教徒
Buddha→Buddhism ~ Buddhist
Islam→Islamism→Islamist
tao(道)→Taoism ~ Taoist
Judah→Judaism ~ Judaist
druid→Druidism
shaman→Shamanism
某种主义和主义者、主义的
capitalism ~ capitalist
socialism ~ socialist
communism ~ communist
colonism ~ colonist
patriotism ~ patriotist
pessimism ~ pessimist
optimism ~ optimist
extremism ~ extremist
fundamentalism ~ fundamentalist
terrorism ~ terrorist
populism ~ populist
nationalism ~ nationalist
opportunism ~ opportunist
pragmatism ~ pragmatist
racism ~ racist
realism ~ realist
idealism ~ idealist
-ist后还可以继续接后缀:
【形容词化】n. -ist-ic=-istic adj. e.g. realist→realistic; idealist→idealistic; linguist→linguistic