Ⅰ.   anticipate  英[æn'tɪsɪpeɪt]     美[æn'tɪsə'pet]

(v)      anticipate----anticipated----anticipated  (adj)anticipatory 预期的；提早发生的；期待着的

1.to expect that something will happen and be ready for it预期，预料

anticipate changes/developments

•The schedule isn’t final, but we don’t anticipate many changes. 日程还没有最后定下来，但是我们预料不会有许多变化。

anticipate problems/difficulties

•We don’t anticipate any problems. 我们预料不会有问题。

anticipate (that)

•This year, we anticipate that our expenses will be 15% greater. 今年，我们预计支出会增加15%。

anticipate doing sth

2. to think about something that is going to happen, especially something pleasant期待〔尤指好事〕

•Daniel was eagerly anticipating her arrival. 丹尼尔热切地期待着她的到来。

3.  to do something before someone else先于…之前（做）

•Copernicus anticipated in part the discoveries of the 17th and 18th centuries. 17和18世纪的发现中有一部分早为哥白尼所发现。

Ⅱ.   bristle      英['brɪs(ə)l]      美['brɪsl]

(v)   bristle----bristled----bristled

1. to behave in a way that shows you are very angry or annoyed发怒

bristle with rage/indignation etc

•John pushed back his chair, bristling with rage. 约翰把椅子往后一推，暴跳起来。

[+ at]•He bristled at her rudeness. 她的无礼使他火冒三丈。

2.〔动物因惊慌或愤怒而毛发〕竖起，耸起

bristle with  sth 充满，充斥着

•a battleship bristling with guns 布满大炮的战舰

(n) 

 1.[C,U]a short stiff hair that feels rough短而硬的毛发；胡茬

•His chin was covered with bristles. 他满下巴都是胡茬。

2.[C]a short stiff hair, wire etc that forms part of a brush〔刷子上的〕鬃毛，刷子毛

Ⅲ.    decay    英[dɪ'keɪ]    美[dɪ'ke]

(v)    decay-----decayed-----decayed

1.（使）腐烂；（使）变坏

2.[I]if buildings, structures, or areas decay, their condition gradually becomes worse〔建筑、结构或地区〕破败，毁坏

•Hundreds of historic buildings are being allowed to decay. 数百幢历史建筑被任由破败。

3.[I]if traditional beliefs, standards etc decay, people do not believe in them or support them any more〔传统观念、标准等〕失去影响力，衰败，衰落

•In Orthodox Europe, mass religion seems to have decayed less. 在正教会流行的欧洲地区，集体宗教信仰的影响力似乎衰退得没那么严重。

语体:在日常英语中,人们谈论食物一般说 rot ,而不用 decay

•There was a smell ofrottingvegetables. 有股蔬菜腐烂的味道。

(n.[U ])

1.腐烂，朽烂

2.the gradual destruction of buildings, structures etc because they have not been cared for〔疏于管理而造成建筑物等的〕破败，衰败

•poverty and urban decay 贫穷和市区的破败

fall into (a state of) decay

•During the war, the area fell into decay. 战争期间这个地区衰败了。

3.the gradual destruction of ideas, beliefs, social or political systems etc〔观念、信仰、社会制度、政治制度等的〕衰退，没落

•moral decay 道德的败坏

Ⅳ.  indulge      英[ɪn'dʌldʒ]     美[ɪn'dʌldʒ]

(v)    indulge---indulged---indulged

1.[I,T]to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy, especially something that is considered bad for you

(使自己)沉溺(于)，沉湎(于)

[+ in] •Most of us were too busy to indulge in heavy lunchtime drinking. 我们大多数人都忙得不能在午饭时尽情饮酒。

•Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity. 伊娃从不是那种沉湎于自怜自哀的人。

indulge oneself  恣纵己意纵情享乐放纵自己

•Even if you’re dieting, you can indulge yourself (=eat what you want) once in a while. 即使在节食，也可以偶尔放纵一下。

2.[T]to let someone have or do whatever they want, even if it is bad for them放纵，纵容，迁就

•His mother spoiled him, indulging his every whim. 他母亲对他纵容娇惯，百依百顺。

3.[I]to take part in an activity, especially an illegal one参与，参加〔尤指违法活动〕

[+ in]   •Women do not indulge in crime to the same extent as men. 女性参与犯罪的程度与男性不同

Ⅴ.  motivate      英['məʊtɪveɪt]    美['motə'vet]

(v)    motivate---motivated---motivated

1.to be the reason why someone does something成为…的动机

motivate sb to do sth

•We may never know what motivated him to kill his wife. 我们也许永远不会知道他谋杀妻子的动机是什么。

2.motivate sb to do sth  激发，激励，促动

•The profit-sharing plan is designed to motivate the staff to work hard. 利润分红计划旨在激励员工努力工作。

Ⅵ.  restrain    英[rɪ'streɪn]    美[rɪ'stren]

(v)  restrain---restrained---restrained

1.to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force〔常指用武力〕阻止，制止，抑制

restrain sb from doing sth

•I had to restrain her from running out into the street. 我只得阻止她跑到街上去。

2.to control your own emotions or behaviour克制，控制，忍住〔情绪或行为〕

restrain oneself (from doing something) 自制，约束自己

•She could barely restrain herself from hitting him. 她差点就忍不住要去打他。

3.to control or limit something that is increasing too much抑制，控制〔增长太多的东西〕

•Price rises should restrain consumer spending. 价格上涨会抑制消费支出。

Ⅶ.    retain    英[rɪ'teɪn]   美[rɪ'ten]

(v)    retain---retained---retained

1.to keep something or continue to have something保留，保有；继续拥有

•You have the right to retain possession of the goods. 你有权保留这些物品。

2.保存，储存

3.to remember information记住

•I find it very difficult to retain facts. 我觉得具体事实很难记住。

4.if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay them to work for you now and in the future聘请〔律师、专家〕

•He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court’s decision. 他聘请了一名律师质疑法庭的判决。

5.if a company retains workers, it continues to employ them for a long time留用〔员工〕

•It’s increasingly difficult to recruit and retain good staff. 招聘和留

Ⅷ.      surge    英[sɜːdʒ]     美[sɝdʒ]

(v）  surge---surged---surged

1.[always + adv/prep]to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction迅速涌动，蜂拥向前

[+ forward/through etc]

•The taxi surged forward. 出租车突然往前冲。

•The crowd surged through the gates. 人群蜂拥着通过大门。

2.〔情感〕涌起，涌现

•She could feel anger surging inside her. 她感到怒火中烧。

3.[usually + adv/prep]if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly

〔大量液体〕汹涌；〔电流〕浪涌；〔化学物等〕突然涌动

•A wave surged up towards them. 一个浪头向他们涌来。

4.to suddenly increase突然上涨，激增  •Oil prices surged. 油价暴涨。

(n.[C ]一般用单数])

1.a sudden large increase in a feeling〔情感的〕突发；涌现

a surge of sth

•a surge of excitement 一阵兴奋

2.a sudden increase in amount or number〔数量的〕急剧增加，激增

[+ in/of]

•a surge in food costs 食品成本的急剧增加

3.a sudden movement of a lot of people〔人群的〕蜂拥

[+ of]  •a surge of refugees into the country 涌入这个国家的难民潮

Ⅸ.    swell  英[swel]    美[swɛl]

(v)  swell---swelled---swelled / swollen

1.[I]to become larger and rounder than normal – used especially about parts of the body肿，肿胀〔尤指身体部位〕

•The window frame was swollen shut. 窗框膨胀变形，关得死死的。

2.[I,T]to increase in amount or number〔数量〕增加，增多，增大

•The river was swollen with melted snow. 积雪融化，河水上涨。

[+ to]     •The crowd swelled to around 10,000. 人群增加到一万人左右。

swell the ranks/numbers of sth(=increase the number of people in a particular situation)

•Large numbers of refugees have swollen the ranks of the unemployed. 扩大…的队伍，增加…的人数

3.  swell with pride/anger etc扬扬得意/怒气冲冲等

•His heart swelled with pride as he watched his daughter collect her prize. 他看着女儿领奖，心中充满了自豪。

4.形状（使）鼓起，（使）隆起

5.声音 增强，变响亮

•Music swelled around us. 音乐声在我们四周越来越响。

(n)

1.[singular,单数]海面的起伏，浪涌

2.[singular,单数]增加；增多

[+ of]•a swell of pride 自豪感的增强

3.[singular,单数]〔尤指音乐〕音量逐渐增强

(adj)

1.very good极好的，第一流的

•You look swell! 你看上去漂亮极了！