操作符优先级
• 下图展示了所有操作符的执行优先级,从高到低,同一行中的操作符优先级相同,相同优先级的情况下则从左到右执行
• 如果想改变优先级执行顺序,则可以使用括号
mysql> SELECT 1+2*3;
-> 7
mysql> SELECT (1+2)*3;
-> 9
对比操作符
• 对比操作符的执行结果为true,false,null三种
• Between A and B 代表检查值是否在A和B之间
• Coalesce()代表返回第一个非Null的值
• =代表相等操作符
• >代表大于操作符
• >=代表大于等于操作符
• Greatest()代表返回最大的值
• In()代表检查值是否在一系列的值之中
• Interval()代表返回比第一个参数小的参数的位置
• is/is not代表检查值是否与布尔值相同/不同
• Is not null代表检查值是否是非NULL
• Is null代表检查值是否是NULL
• Isnull()代表检查参数是NULL
• Least()代表返回最小的参数
• <代表小于操作符
• <=代表小于等于操作符
• Like代表字符匹配
• Not between A and B代表检查值是否不在A和B的范围之内
• !=/<>代表不等于操作符
• Not in()代表检查值是否不在一系列值的当中
• Not like代表检查值是否不匹配
• Strcmp()对比两个字符串
• =号对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 = 0;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT '0' = 0;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT '0.0' = 0;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT '0.01' = 0;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT '.01' = 0.01;
-> 1
• <>/!=号对比操作符
mysql> SELECT '.01' <> '0.01';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT .01 <> '0.01';
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'zapp' <> 'zappp';
-> 1
• <=小于等于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 0.1 <= 2;
-> 1
• <小于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 < 2;
-> 0
• >=大于等于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 >= 2;
-> 1
• >大于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 > 2;
-> 0
• is操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS TRUE, 0 IS FALSE, NULL IS UNKNOWN;
-> 1, 1, 1
• is not操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NOT UNKNOWN, 0 IS NOT UNKNOWN, NULL IS NOT UNKNOWN;
-> 1, 1, 0
• is null对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 0 IS NULL, NULL IS NULL;
-> 0, 0, 1
• is not null对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NOT NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, NULL IS NOT NULL;
-> 1, 1, 0
• Expr between min and max对比操作符【相当于min <= expr AND expr <= max】
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 1 AND 3, 2 BETWEEN 3 and 1;
-> 1, 0
mysql> SELECT 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND '3';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 'x-3';
-> 0
• expr NOT BETWEEN min AND max【相当于NOT (expr BETWEEN min AND max)】
• COALESCE(value,...)对比操作符【返回第一个非NULL的值,如果没有非null值,则返回NULL】
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,2);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,NULL);
-> NULL
• GREATEST(value1,value2,...)【返回其中最大的值】
mysql> SELECT GREATEST(2,0);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT GREATEST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0);
-> 767.0
mysql> SELECT GREATEST('B','A','C');
-> 'C'
• expr IN (value,...)对比操作符【当expr值能在values中找到,则返回1,否则返回0】
mysql> SELECT 2 IN (0,3,5,7);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'wefwf' IN ('wee','wefwf','weg');
-> 1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,4));
-> 1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,5));
-> 0
• expr NOT IN (value,...)对比操作符
• isnull(expr)操作符【如果expr是null,则返回1,否则返回0】
mysql> SELECT ISNULL(1+1);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT ISNULL(1/0);
-> 1
• LEAST(value1,value2,...)【返回最小值,如果其中有值为null,则返回null】
mysql> SELECT LEAST(2,0);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT LEAST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0);
-> 3.0
mysql> SELECT LEAST('B','A','C');
-> 'A'
• 逻辑操作符返回1 (TRUE), 0 (FALSE), 或者NULL
• NOT, !逻辑操作符代表非操作
mysql> SELECT NOT 10;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT NOT 0;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT NOT NULL;
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT ! (1+1);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT ! 1+1;
-> 1
• And,&&逻辑操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 AND 1;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 1 AND 0;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 1 AND NULL;
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT 0 AND NULL;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT NULL AND 0;
-> 0
• Or, ||逻辑操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 OR 1;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 1 OR 0;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 0 OR 0;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 0 OR NULL;
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT 1 OR NULL;
-> 1
• Xor逻辑操作符【异或是一种逻辑运算,运算法则简言之就是:两个条件相同(同真或同假)即为假(0),两个条件不同即为真(1)】
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1;
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 0;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR NULL;
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1 XOR 1;
-> 1
• 分配操作符是指赋值操作
'=' : 只有在set和update时才是和:=一样,赋值的作用,其它都是等于的作用。鉴于此,用变量实现行号时,必须用:=
':=' : 不只在set和update时时赋值的作用,在select也是赋值的作用
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2;
-> NULL, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1 := 1, @var2;
-> 1, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2;
-> 1, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2 := @var1;
-> 1, 1
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2;
-> 1, 1
mysql> SELECT @var1:=COUNT(*) FROM t1;
-> 4
mysql> SELECT @var1;
-> 4
• :=操作符也可以用在update等语句
mysql> SELECT @var1;
-> 4
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
-> 1, 3, 5, 7
mysql> UPDATE t1 SET c1 = 2 WHERE c1 = @var1:= 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT @var1;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;
-> 2, 3, 5, 7
• =操作符在两种情况下会被认为是赋值操作,而其他情况下会认为是对比操作符
在set语句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作
mysql> set @a=1;
mysql> select @a;
+------+
| @a |
+------+
| 1 |
+------+
在update语句中的set子句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作
• 流程控制函数包含以下四种函数
• CASE value WHEN [compare_value] THEN result [WHEN [compare_value] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END
当value等于compare_value时,则返回result,否则返回else里的result,如果没有else子句则返回null
mysql> SELECT CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN 'one' WHEN 2 THEN 'two' ELSE 'more' END;
-> 'one'
• CASE WHEN [condition] THEN result [WHEN [condition] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END
当第一个condition满足时,则返回result,否则返回else里的result,如果没有else子句时则返回null
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN 'true' ELSE 'false' END;
-> 'true'
mysql> SELECT CASE BINARY 'B' WHEN 'a' THEN 1 WHEN 'b' THEN 2 END;
-> NULL
• IF(expr1,expr2,expr3)
当expr1为1/true时,则返回expr2,否则返回expr3
mysql> SELECT IF(1>2,2,3);
-> 3
mysql> SELECT IF(1<2,'yes','no');
-> 'yes'
mysql> SELECT IF(STRCMP('test','test1'),'no','yes');
-> 'no'
• NULLIF(expr1,expr2)
当expr1等于expr2时,则返回null,否则返回expr1
mysql> SELECT NULLIF(1,1);
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT NULLIF(1,2);
-> 1
字符串函数
• ASCII(str)
返回str字符串中最左边字符的ascii码值,如果是空串则返回0,如果str是null则返回null
mysql> SELECT ASCII('2');
-> 50
mysql> SELECT ASCII(2);
-> 50
mysql> SELECT ASCII('dx');
-> 100
• CHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])
将括号中的N转化成ascii码对应的字符,返回这些字符组成的字符串,其中的null会被忽略
mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76');
-> 'MySQL'
mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3');
-> 'MMM'
mysql> SELECT CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')), CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8));
+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')) | CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8)) |
+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| binary | utf8 |
+----------------------+---------------------------------+
• CHAR_LENGTH(str)
返回字符串的字符长度
• CONCAT(str1,str2,...)
返回括号里所有参数字符串连接在一起,当其中有参数为NULL时则返回NULL
mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL');
-> 'MySQL'
mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', NULL, 'QL');
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(14.3);
-> '14.3'
• CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)
返回以第一个参数为分隔符的连接后的一个字符串,当有参数为NULL时则null被忽略
mysql> SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Second name','Last Name');
-> 'First name,Second name,Last Name'
mysql> SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name',NULL,'Last Name');
-> 'First name,Last Name'
• INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)
将str中从pos位置开始后的len个字符替换成newstr字符串
str:指定字符串
pos:开始被替换的位置
len:被替换的字符串长度
newstr:新的字符串
总结:替换掉 str 范围为 [ pos, pos+len ] 的字符串
注意:如果 pos > str 长度以内,则返回 str 不会被替换;如果 len > str 剩余字符串的长度,则将 str 剩下所有字符都替换成 newstr
mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What');
-> 'QuWhattic'
mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', -1, 4, 'What');
-> 'Quadratic'
mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 100, 'What');
-> 'QuWhat'
• INSTR(str,substr)
返回str字符串中第一个出现substr字符串的位置
mysql> SELECT INSTR('foobarbar', 'bar');
-> 4
mysql> SELECT INSTR('xbar', 'foobar');
-> 0
• LEFT(str,len)
返回str字符串中从左边开始的len个长度的字符
mysql> SELECT LEFT('foobarbar', 5);
-> 'fooba'
• LENGTH(str)
返回str字符串的byte字节长度
mysql> SELECT LENGTH('text');
-> 4
• LOAD_FILE(file_name)
读取文件且返回文件内容为字符串
mysql> UPDATE t SET blob_col=LOAD_FILE('/tmp/picture') WHERE id=1;
• LOCATE(substr,str)
返回str字符串中第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回0
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar');
-> 4
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('xbar', 'foobar');
-> 0
• LOCATE(substr,str,pos)
返回str字符串中从pos位置开始第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回0
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar', 5);
-> 7
• LOWER(str)
返回将str字符串中所有字符变换成小写后的字符串,但对二进制文本无效
mysql> SELECT LOWER('QUADRATICALLY');
-> 'quadratically'
mysql> SET @str = BINARY 'New York';
mysql> SELECT LOWER(@str), LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1));
+-------------+-----------------------------------+
| LOWER(@str) | LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1)) |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+
| New York | new york |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+
• LPAD(str,len,padstr)
将str的左边补充为padstr,直到补充成len长度的字符串并返回;如果str的长度比len长,则返回str中最左边开始的len长度的字符
mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??');
-> '??hi'
mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',1,'??');
-> 'h'
• LTRIM(str)
将str最左边的空格去掉并返回
mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' barbar');
-> 'barbar‘
• REPEAT(str,count)
将str重复count并组合成字符串返回,如果count<1,则返回空串
mysql> SELECT REPEAT('MySQL', 0);
+--------------------+
| REPEAT('MySQL', 0) |
+--------------------+
| |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT REPEAT('MySQL', 3);
+--------------------+
| REPEAT('MySQL', 3) |
+--------------------+
| MySQLMySQLMySQL |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
• REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)
将所有str字符串中匹配from_str子串的地方都替换成to_str子字符串
mysql> SELECT REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww');
-> 'WwWwWw.mysql.com'
• REVERSE(str)
将str字符串中的字符按照倒序组合并返回
mysql> SELECT REVERSE('abc');
-> 'cba'
• RIGHT(str,len)
将str字符串中从右边开始的len个字符返回
mysql> SELECT RIGHT('foobarbar', 4);
-> 'rbar'
• RPAD(str,len,padstr)
将字符串str从右边开始补充为padstr直到整体长度为len,如果str的长度本身大于len,则返回str中len长度的字符串
mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?');
-> 'hi???'
mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',1,'?');
-> 'h'
• RTRIM(str)
将字符串str右边的空格去掉并返回
mysql> SELECT RTRIM('barbar ');
-> 'barbar‘
• SPACE(N)
返回N个长度的空格组成的空字符串
mysql> SELECT SPACE(6);
-> ' '
• SUBSTR(str,pos), SUBSTR(str FROM pos), SUBSTR(str,pos,len), SUBSTR(str FROM pos FOR len)
• SUBSTRING(str,pos), SUBSTRING(str FROM pos), SUBSTRING(str,pos,len), SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
如果没有len参数,则返回从pos位置开始的str中的子字符串;如果有len参数,则从pos位置开始返回str中长度为len的子字符串;如果pos为负值,则代表pos从右边开始数
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);
-> 'ratically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);
-> 'barbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
-> 'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -3);
-> 'ila'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -5, 3);
-> 'aki'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila' FROM -4 FOR 2);
-> 'ki'
• SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)
当count为正数,则返回delim出现在str字符串中第count次之前的子字符串,如果是负数,则从右边开始计算
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', 2);
-> 'www.mysql'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', -2);
-> 'mysql.com'
• UPPER(str)
返回将str字符串中所有字符转换成大写的字符串
mysql> SELECT UPPER('Hej');
-> 'HEJ'
字符串对比函数
通配符%表示匹配0个或多个字符
通配符_表示匹配1个字符
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE 'David_';
-> 1
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE '%D%v%';
-> 1
当匹配字符中有特殊字符时,可以用 \或者escape来指定特殊字符为字符
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE 'David\_';
-> 0
mysql> SELECT 'David_' LIKE 'David\_';
-> 1
#意思就是说|之后的_不作为通配符,|也不会放入匹配规则中,相当于SELECT 'David_' LIKE 'David\_';
mysql> SELECT 'David_' LIKE 'David|_' ESCAPE '|';
-> 1
• expr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape_char']
是上一个字符串对比函数的反义
• STRCMP(expr1,expr2)
当expr1等于expr2时等于0,当expr1小于expr2时为-1,反之为1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text2');
-> -1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text2', 'text');
-> 1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text');
-> 0
mysql> SET @s1 = _latin1 'x' COLLATE latin1_general_ci;
mysql> SET @s2 = _latin1 'X' COLLATE latin1_general_ci;
mysql> SET @s3 = _latin1 'x' COLLATE latin1_general_cs;
mysql> SET @s4 = _latin1 'X' COLLATE latin1_general_cs;
mysql> SELECT STRCMP(@s1, @s2), STRCMP(@s3, @s4);
+------------------+------------------+
| STRCMP(@s1, @s2) | STRCMP(@s3, @s4) |
+------------------+------------------+
| 0 | 1 |
+------------------+------------------+
数字函数之算数操作符
• /和DIV
/代表除法;div代表整数型除法,相除之后只取整数部分
mysql> SELECT 3/5;
-> 0.60
mysql> SELECT 102/(1-1);
-> NULL
mysql> SELECT 5 DIV 2, -5 DIV 2, 5 DIV -2, -5 DIV -2;
-> 2, -2, -2, 2
数字函数
• ABS(X)
绝对值函数
mysql> SELECT ABS(2);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT ABS(-32);
-> 32
• CEILING(X)/CEIL(X)
返回>=X值的最小整数(向上取整)
mysql> SELECT CEILING(1.23);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT CEILING(-1.23);
-> -1
• FLOOR(X)
返回<=X值的最大整数(向下取整)
mysql> SELECT FLOOR(1.23), FLOOR(-1.23);
-> 1, -2
• MOD(N,M), N % M, N MOD M
取余数操作,返回两者相除之后剩下的余数
mysql> SELECT MOD(234, 10);
-> 4
mysql> SELECT 253 % 7;
-> 1
mysql> SELECT MOD(29,9);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT 29 MOD 9;
-> 2
mysql> SELECT MOD(34.5,3);
-> 1.5
• RAND([N])
获取0到1之间的随机小数,比如当想获取7~12之间的随机整数是可以使用
SELECT FLOOR(7 + (RAND() * 5));
Select * from students order by rand() limit 1;
• ROUND(X), ROUND(X,D)
四舍五入为D位个小数,当D参数不存在时,则默认为0
mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.23);
-> -1
mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.58);
-> -2
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.58);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 1);
-> 1.3
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 0);
-> 1
mysql> SELECT ROUND(23.298, -1);
-> 20
• TRUNCATE(X,D)
数字X只保留D位的小数,其余均舍弃
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.223,1);
-> 1.2
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,1);
-> 1.9
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,0);
-> 1
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(-1.999,1);
-> -1.9
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(122,-2);
-> 100
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(10.28*100,0);
-> 1028
日期和时间函数
• ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days)
当expr为正数时则为增加时间,为负数时则为减少时间
Unit参数可以是任意时间单位
• mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
• -> '2008-02-02'
• mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', 31);
• -> '2008-02-02'
• ADDTIME(expr1,expr2)
将expr2的时间增加到expr1上
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999', '1 1:1:1.000002');
-> '2008-01-02 01:01:01.000001'
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('01:00:00.999999', '02:00:00.999998');
-> '03:00:01.999997'
• CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz)
将时间dt从from_tz这个时区转换成to_tz这个时区并返回
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','GMT','MET');
-> '2004-01-01 13:00:00'
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','+00:00','+10:00');
-> '2004-01-01 22:00:00'
• CURDATE(), CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DATE()
返回以yyyy-mm-dd或者yyyymmdd格式的当前时间
mysql> SELECT CURDATE();
-> '2008-06-13'
mysql> SELECT CURDATE() + 0;
-> 20080613
• CURTIME(),CURRENT_TIME,CURRENT_TIME()
按照hh:mm:ss或者hhmmss格式返回当前时间
mysql> SELECT CURTIME();
-> '23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT CURTIME() + 0;
-> 235026.000000
• Now(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
返回当前的日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss
mysql> SELECT NOW();
-> '2007-12-15 23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0;
-> 20071215235026.000000
• DATE(expr)
获取expr中的日期
mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03');
-> '2003-12-31‘
• DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2)
返回expr1和expr2之间的天数差异,忽略时分秒
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2007-12-31 23:59:59','2007-12-30');
-> 1
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2010-11-30 23:59:59','2010-12-31');
-> -31
• DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit), DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit)
增加或者减少时间
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2000-12-31 23:59:59', INTERVAL 1 SECOND);
-> '2001-01-01 00:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2010-12-31 23:59:59', INTERVAL 1 DAY);
-> '2011-01-01 23:59:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2100-12-31 23:59:59', INTERVAL '1:1' MINUTE_SECOND);
-> '2101-01-01 00:01:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2005-01-01 00:00:00', INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND);
-> '2004-12-30 22:58:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1900-01-01 00:00:00', INTERVAL '-1 10' DAY_HOUR);
-> '1899-12-30 14:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('1998-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);
-> '1997-12-02'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002', INTERVAL '1.999999' SECOND_MICROSECOND);
-> '1993-01-01 00:00:01.000001'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2009-01-30', INTERVAL 1 MONTH);
-> '2009-02-28'
• DATE_FORMAT(date,format)
将date日期时间转换成format格式
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');
-> 'Sunday October 2009'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');
-> '22:23:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');
-> '4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00',
-> '%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');
-> '22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V');
-> '1998 52'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d');
-> '00'
• DAY(date), DAYOFMONTH(date)
返回date中日期在当前月份中是第几天
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');
-> 3
• DAYNAME(date)
返回date时间是星期几
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03');
-> 'Saturday'
• DAYOFWEEK(date)
返回date时间是星期“几”
mysql> SELECT DAYOFWEEK('2007-02-03');
-> 7
• DAYOFYEAR(date)
返回date是一年中的第几天,取值范围在1~366
mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2007-02-03');
-> 34
• EXTRACT(unit FROM date)
Unit单元和date_add/date_sub函数中的一样,是获取date日期的unit部分
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2009-07-02');
-> 2009
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03');
-> 200907
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03');
-> 20102
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM '2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123');
-> 123
• FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp), FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format)
根据给定的unixtime,返回yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss格式的具体时间,或者按照format返回时间
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881);
-> '2015-11-13 10:08:01'
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881) + 0;
-> 20151113100801
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), '%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x');
-> '2015 13th November 10:08:01 2015'
• LAST_DAY(date)
返回date日期所在月份的最后一天日期
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-02-05');
-> '2004-02-29'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-01-01 01:01:01');
-> '2004-01-31'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2003-03-32');
-> NULL
• SYSDATE()
返回当前日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss
和now()函数的区别在于now()返回的时间是语句执行的时间,而sysdate()返回的时间是该函数执行的时间
mysql> SELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| NOW() | SLEEP(2) | NOW() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:36 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:36 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| SYSDATE() | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE() |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2006-04-12 13:47:44 | 0 | 2006-04-12 13:47:46 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
• TIME(expr)
返回expr日期时间中的时间部分
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03');
-> '01:02:03'
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03.000123');
-> '01:02:03.000123'
• UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)
如果没有date参数,则返回当前时间到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数,
如果有date参数,则表示date到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
-> 1447431666
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2015-11-13 10:20:19');
-> 1447431619
格式转换函数
• Cast()和convert()两个函数都可以用来转换数据类型或者转换字符集
允许转换的数据类型包括:
Binary[N]
char[N]
Date
Datetime
decimal[M,[D]]
Time
Signed [integer]
Unsigned [integer]
SELECT CONVERT(_latin1'Müller' USING utf8);
SELECT CONVERT('test', CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8);
SELECT CAST('test' AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8);
SELECT CAST('2000-01-01' AS DATE);
SELECT CONVERT('2000-01-01', DATE);
聚合函数
• 用在存在group by子句的语句中
• AVG([DISTINCT] expr)
计算expr的平均值,distinct关键词表示是否排除重复值
mysql> SELECT student_name, AVG(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;
• COUNT(expr)
计算expr中的个数,如果没有匹配则返回0,注意NULL的区别
mysql> SELECT student.student_name,COUNT(*)
-> FROM student,course
-> WHERE student.student_id=course.student_id
-> GROUP BY student_name;
• COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
计算有多少个不重复的expr值,注意是计算非NULL的个数
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT results) FROM student
• MAX([DISTINCT] expr),MIN([DISTINCT] expr)
返回expr中最大或者最小的值
mysql> SELECT student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score)
-> FROM student
-> GROUP BY student_name;
• SUM([DISTINCT] expr)
返回expr的求和值
子查询
• 子查询是一个嵌套在外层语句中的完整select语句,通常用()括起来,子查询可以范围一个单一的值,一行值,一个表格等等。
• 通常子查询的方式可以简化复杂Join表链接查询和Union结果合并查询,提高了语句的可读性
SELECT (SELECT s1 FROM t2) FROM t1;
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT MAX(column2) FROM t2);
DELETE FROM t1 where column1 in (select column1 from t2);
SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 = ANY (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 IN (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 > ALL (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
SELECT column1,column2,column3 FROM t1 WHERE (column1,column2,column3) IN (SELECT column1,column2,column3 FROM t2);
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = ANY (SELECT column1 FROM t2 WHERE t2.column2 = t1.column2);
SELECT AVG(sum_column1) FROM (SELECT SUM(column1) AS sum_column1 FROM t1 GROUP BY column1) AS t1;
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM t2);
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT id FROM t2 WHERE t1.id=t2.id);