在“How to read a book”一书中,作者特意为我们介绍了如何阅读戏剧和悲剧。同所有作品一样—— 文学作品也好,科技类论说作品也好——在阅读的过程中,我们要问自己四个问题:
What is the book about as a whole?
What is being said in detail and how?
Is the book true, in whole or part?
What of it?
How to Read Play
戏剧也属于故事类,所以读戏剧的方法和读故事类作品 (以小说为代表) 大致相同。那么我们先来看看故事类作品应该怎样读。
The first piece of advice we would like to give you for reading a story is this: Read it quickly and with total immersion.
阅读故事类文章,首先要做到的就是一气呵成的读完,不断的停顿很容易让你出戏,让你失去故事的完整性。有一些读者,会在读的过程中故意停下来,回味刚才读过的内容,回想人物性格,实际上这种情况下,与其说他们在读书,不如说他们在利用刚才所读的故事情节及人物性格满足自己潜意识中的情感需求。在作者观点中,书不应该这样读,我们要快速的读一遍,"let the stories work on you, let the characters into you mind and heart, suspend your disbelief, if such it is, about the events"。
戏剧和小说本质上是一样的,都是在叙述故事。但戏剧与小说又有着不同。小说是一个完整的故事,作者将一切都组织好,连接好;而戏剧的完整性只能体现在舞台上,读者需要依靠自己的组织和想象将一幕幕连接,组成一个完整的故事。具体如何阅读戏剧,作者给出了两个建议:
1. The only way to do that is to make a pretense of seeing it acted.
2. Read slowly, as if an audience were listening, and with "expression"—that is, try to make the words meaningful to you as you read them.
第一条建议是假装我们自己是导演,面前有一群演员,那么边读我们要边在脑子里导演这场戏。你要告诉你的演员如何读这句台词,如何演那个场景;你要向他们解释这句台词的重要性,向他们诠释如何展现高潮部分。这样,你不仅可以在读的过程中收获很多乐趣,也会学会很多。这个方法尤其适用于莎士比亚的戏剧。
第二条建议是要慢慢把台词读出来。虽然我们一再强调要完整的通读剧本,但是由于戏剧多数是韵文,晦涩难懂。所以我们不妨把这些难于理解的句子读出来。慢慢的读,富有感情的读,好像我们面前有很多观众在倾听一样。这方法听起来简单,却可以帮你解决很多阅读障碍,尤其是在莎士比亚的戏剧中。
How to Read Tragedy
作者认为,很多的悲剧都不值得一读,但是萃取下来的精华,如古希腊三大悲剧家的作品,莎士比亚的作品都是一些经典大作— "for they contain within them some of the deepest and richest insights men have ever expressed in words."
悲剧很难写,所以遗留下来的不多,悲剧更难读,所以愿意读的人很少。悲剧难读的原因大致有三个:
For one thing, in the ancient world, three tragedies were presented at one time, the three often dealing with a common theme.
For another, it is almost impossible to stage the play mentally, since we know almost nothing about how the Greek directors did it.
For still another, the plays often are based on stories that were well-known to their audience, but are known to us only through the plays.
其一,希腊悲剧通常一次演三幕,三幕一主题;其二,我们很难边读便在头脑中把戏剧演出了。其三,悲剧的故事情节对当时观众很熟悉,对我们很陌生。
那么对于难于攻克的悲剧,我们应该如何读,作者也给出了两个建议:
The first is to remember that the essence of tragedy is time, or rather the lack of it.
The second is that you should always imagine, when you read the words of the chorus, that the words are spoken by person of your own stature; while the words spoken by the protagonists proceed from the mouths of giants from personages who did not only seem, but actually were, larger than life.
第一是要时刻牢记,悲剧里最重要的就是时间!如果有充足的时间,古希腊悲剧中的一切问题都可以化解,悲剧无复存在。一切决定,一切选择都在瞬间完成,没有任何时间去权衡利弊,思考后果,这就导致剧中人物做出错误的决定,从而悲剧发生。这在阅读古希腊悲剧时要时刻记着。
第二就是古希腊悲剧中的悲剧人物出场通常都穿着高靴,带着面具;而唱诗班的成员虽然有时也带着面具,但他们不穿高靴。因此,当我们在读唱诗班的台词时,我们就想象着这是和我们一样的人在说话;当我们读到悲剧人物台词时,就想着这是那些比我们高大的多的伟人在说话。这样就可以更好的理解情节内容了。
以上。