factor
Notice that ggplot2 treats cyl as a factor. This time the x-axis does not contain variables like 5 or 7, only the values that are present in the dataset.
当变量是factor的时候，轴上只出现dataset中的数值。base
# A scatter plot has been made for you
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = wt, y = mpg)) +
geom_point()
# Replace ___ with the correct column
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = wt, y = mpg, color = disp)+
geom_point()
# Replace ___ with the correct column
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = wt, y = mpg, size = disp)) +
geom_point()
- two plot
geom-point + geom-smooth
一层一层往上叠加
- color = clarity
将clarity作为factor分组，分别画图。
function
# Inspect the arguments of the mean() function args(mean)
- 关于函数mean
用法一：mean(x, ...)
用法二：The 'Default S3 method
mean(x, trim = 0, na.rm = FALSE, ...)
省略号 is a way for R to pass arguments along without the function having to name them explicitly.
'''# The linkedin and facebook vectors have already been created for you
linkedin <- c(16, 9, 13, 5, 2, 17, 14)
facebook <- c(17, 7, 5, 16, 8, 13, 14)
Calculate the mean of the sum
avg_sum <- mean(linkedin+facebook)
Calculate the trimmed mean of the sum
avg_sum_trimmed <- mean(linkedin+facebook,trim=0.2)
Inspect both new variables
avg_sum_trimmed
avg_sum
'''
avg_sum_trimmed
[1] 22.6
avg_sum
[1] 22.28571
lapply
1.lapply(X, FUN, ...)
x为向量或list
返回结果为list，长度等于x长度
# The vector pioneers has already been created for you
pioneers <- c("GAUSS:1777", "BAYES:1702", "PASCAL:1623", "PEARSON:1857")
# Split names from birth year
split_math <- strsplit(pioneers, split = ":")
# Convert to lowercase strings: split_low
split_low <- lapply(split_math,tolower)
# Transform: use anonymous function inside lapply
names <- lapply(split_low, function(x){x[1]})
# Transform: use anonymous function inside lapply
years <- lapply(split_low, function(x){x[2]})
# Generic select function
select_el <- function(x, index) {
x[index]
}
# Use lapply() twice on split_low: names and years
names <- lapply(split_low,select_el,index=1)
years <- lapply(split_low,select_el,index=2)
注意参数index的写法。第一个参数也就是x被直接传入。
lapply(split_low, function(x) {
if (nchar(x[1]) > 5) {
return(NULL)
} else {
return(x[2])
}
})
根据条件来选择返回值
sapply
sapply(X,FUN,...)
X为向量或list
返回结果是向量
sapply相比lappy可以更清晰的显示结果，
但如果每列的结果长度不一致，就会选择和lapply一样的方式
identical(freezing_1,freezing_0)
or如果返回NULL，NULL也是list。和lapply相同。因为不是相同长度的vector。which is no longer a vector with the same length as the input
cat("The average temperature is", mean(x), "\n")
identical(x,y)
shell
less file1 file2
:n --remove to next file
