大家都知道英语中动词一般是用来做谓语的，但是当一句话中已经有了谓语动词时，剩下的动词就要变作非谓语动词了，因此非谓语动词在英语中很常见，关于非谓语动词的语法知识自然就要大家能够熟练掌握，然而其中涉及动词的变位、搭配等问题，有一定的难度，接下来老师为大家整理了非谓语动词语法知识，考试前大家抓紧掌握吧。
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done。其中不定式表示目的和将来;动词的ing表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。
二、非谓语动词的时态和语态
一般式：不定式：主动to do ，被动to be done ; ing 形式：主动doing ，被动being done ;过去分词：被动done
完成式：不定式：主动to have done ，被动to have been done;ing 形式：主动having done，被动having been done
进行式： 不定式to be doing
三、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格+doing)
1. 不定式和动名词作主语的区别
（1）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验，不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
（2）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
（1）不定式作表语
① 不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
② 如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也要是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
（2）动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
（3）分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
3. 不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
（1）有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge，admit ，dislike， advocate，complete，appreciate ，avoid，enjoy，delay，escape，deny
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
（2）有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
① forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)，forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)
② stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事。stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
③ remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)，remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
④ regret to do对要做的事遗憾，regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
⑤ try to do努力、企图做某事，try doing试验、试一试某种办法
⑥ mean to do打算，有意要…，mean doing意味着
4. 不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
① 现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
② 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
5. 非谓语动词常考的其它结构
（1）疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。
When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)
（2）不带to的不定式
① 在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。
这类词有： feel observe overhear watch listen to perceive notice see look at hear
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
② 另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想让你知道我病了。
上述感觉动词与使意动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to，
The boy was made to go to bed early.
③ 在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。
例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.
以上就是老师整理的非谓语动词的语法知识，内容虽然有点多，但是讲解得十分清晰，大家复习时用起来是很方便的，加上这一语法点非常实用，希望考生能够好好利用考前剩下的这段时间认真复习，争取一次过关！
更多四六级语法复习：
英语四级语法复习：倒装结构
英语四级考试常考时态解析
英语四级六级语法复习：情态动词
我们学习英语时最常接触的就是语法，那么你对所有格写法、分号、和分词结构究竟懂多少呢？BBC网站最近发布了十道语法测试题，难住了不少人。赶快来看看你能拿到多少分吧！
1) The man next door has a garden that is being overrun with cats. Which of the following questions is correct?
1. Who's cats are using our neighbours garden?2. Who's cats' are using our neighbours garden?3. Whose cats are using our neighbour's garden?4. Whose cats are using our neighbours' garden?
【正确答案：3】←答案反白可见
2) Lots of people are confused about when to use "may" and when to use "might". Which one is better here?
1. The win against Australia might have been a turning point, but it didn't turn out like that2. The win against Australia may have been a turning point, but it didn't turn out like that
【正确答案：1】←答案反白可见
3) Read this sentence carefully. "I'd like to introduce you to my sister Clara, who lives in Madrid, to Benedict, my brother who doesn't, and to my only other sibling, Hilary." Which of the following is correct?
1. Hilary is male2. Hilary is female3. It's impossible to know from the context
【正确答案：1】←答案反白可见
4) Less and fewer often cause people grief. Which of the following is wrong?
1. There's less water in the river these days2. I eat fewer than five apples a week3. I drink less than three coffees a day
【正确答案：3】←答案反白可见
5) Which of the following sentences correctly contains a semi-colon?
1. My uncle's whiskers are magnificent indeed; but I have no desire to stroke them.2. Landing a plane isn't hard; I once saw a child do it.3. There are two countries beginning with Z; Zimbabwe and Zambia.
【正确答案：2】←答案反白可见
6) "This is the kind of tedious nonsense up with which I will not put!" Which grammar rule was Winston Churchill supposed to have objected to?
1. Don't start a sentence with but.2. Avoid splitting an infinitive.3. Never end a sentence with a preposition.
【正确答案：3】←答案反白可见
7) Sometimes you should use "that" and sometimes "which". Which sentence here is wrong?
1. The car which ran me over was speeding.2. The car that ran me over was speeding.3. The car, which was speeding, ran me over.
【 正确答案：1】←答案反白可见
8) Consider this sentence: "Do you mind my asking you?" Which of the following does it include?
1. Modal2. Gerund3. Imperative
【正确答案：2 】←答案反白可见
9) Which of the following is not correct?
1. I was sitting in the chair2. I sat in the chair3. I was sat in the chair
【正确答案：3】←答案反白可见
10) "The Queen arrived at the castle with the King by her side, in a dress adorned with hand-sewn embroidered dragons." What kind of mistake is this?
1. Fallen subjunctive2. Misplaced modifier3. Dangling participle
【正确答案：2】←答案反白可见
沪江英语小编：上面的10道题大家都答对了几道？下面是BBC网站对题目答案给出的解释：
1. Who's" is short for "who is", whereas "whose" is used to describe items that belong to someone. The garden belongs to the neighbour (singular) so needs an apostrophe before the "s".
"Who's" 是 "who is"的缩写，而 "whose" 则指某物为某人所有。句中描述花园主人时用的是单数，所以需要用单数加所有格符号"'s".
2. The use of may or might varies according to context. In this case, because the victory did not result in a turning point, one chooses the more hypothetical might. May would be correct only if the turning point had happened.
由句子可知，胜利并未带来预期的转折点。因此要用假设语气更强的"might"，只有在"turning point"真正出现时才可以用"may"。
3. The absence of a comma before "who doesn't" implies that there are other brothers. A comma after "my brother" would mean that there was only one brother.
"my brother"和 "who doesn't" 之间没有用逗号隔开，暗示还有其他的兄弟，"who doesn't"只是限定修饰其中之一。如果 "my brother" 之后有逗号，说明只有一个兄弟。
4. For "countable" things use fewer. For things that are not "countable" - such as water in the river - use less.
可数名词用“fewer”，不可数名词用“less”。句中“coffees”指的是“几杯咖啡”。
5. Here it links two independent clauses. You do not use it before a conjunction such as "and" or "but". A colon or dash would work better in the last sentence.
分号用来连接两个独立的子句，这时句中不会出现"and" 或"but"等连词。最后一句用冒号或破折号更好。
6. The story is apocryphal. It is likely that the comment came from a memorandum written by one of Churchill's civil servants.
这个定语从句分写成简单句是：This is the kind of tedious nonsense. I will not put up with the nonsense.
7. "That" defines something, whereas "which" adds new information in a separate clause, often needing commas.
"that" 用于定义某物状态、性质，而 "which" 会在从句中增添新的信息，并且时常会用逗号隔开。
8. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing".
gerund：动名词；指由动词加"-ing"变为名词的情况。
9. To use "was" requires the participle "sitting" after it.
"was" 后要用分词 "sitting" 。
10. This is a clause placed so awkwardly as to create ambiguity or misunderstanding. A dangling participle is a type of misplaced modifier involving a participle. Fallen subjunctive does not exist.
这句话语序混乱表达不清。"dangling participle" 指的是垂悬分词，是"misplaced modifier" （修饰错位）的一种，涉及分词形式； "fallen subjunctive"是“错用虚拟”，本句没有用到虚拟语气。
四六级备考阶段考生容易忽略对语法知识的总结，而考试时语法又是一大关键，定语从句在四六级考试中非常常见，也是考试的重点语法，这里辅导老师为大家总结出来了详细的定语从句的语法知识，希望对大家考前的复习有帮助。
一、定语从句的概念
定语从句是指在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词或代词的从句。
例如：You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面例句中的the house就是后面定语从句所修饰或限定的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
二、关系词（连接词）
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。
1． 关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有that、which、who、whom、whose，其中whom引导的是宾格，whose引导的是所有格。
2．that与which的用法区分
1）只能用that，不能用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况
a）当先行词由不定代词anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等代替时，关系代词只能用that而不能用which 。例如：There is nothing that I can do
b）先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时
例如：The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级。
例如：This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d）先行词既有人，又有物时
例如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2）只用which不用that的情况
a）引导非限定性定语从句时
例如：The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b）介词后用which
例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）先行词是表示地点名词时（country, school, room…），而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得留意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
例如：He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2）先行词是表示时间名词时，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得留意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
例如：I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3）先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。
例如：Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是这里要指出的是，假如介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能留存介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4．判定关系代词与关系副词
方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必需要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
方法二：正确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能准确选择出关系代词/ 关系副词。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom,that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。
5．限定性从句和非限定性从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部门，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
All the Greeks who are philosophers are very clever. （限制性）
All the Greeks, who are philosophers, are very clever. (非限制性)
2）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行润饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：The traffic of Beijing is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
6．定语从句的省略
(1) 关系代词充当从句宾语
我们前面说到连接词在定语从句中充当一个成分，有可能是主语、有可能是宾语，我相信大家肯定还记得，这里我们要告诉大家，当这些连接词充当的是宾语时，可以省略。例如：
1. The book (that/which) we bought last year is now very popular.
2. We can see the boys (who/whom/that) the teacher is talking with are quite happy.
(2) 关系代词充当从句主语
当关系代词充当从句主语时，也可以省略，但是省略后的从句要发生形式的变化，原从句若为主动语态，后面的动词结构要变成分词ing形式，原从句若为被动语态，后面的动词结构直接为过去动词结构。这种结构在英语语法中称为分词作定语。例如：
The novel which was given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel given by the professor mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
The novel which mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
The novel mainly discussing the development of Chinese economy was given by the professor.
SP: (1) why的先行词reason或可用that 指代的名词也是定语从句的原因状语时，关系代词或关系副词可以省略。例如：
1. That is the reason (for which/why) you dislike it.
2. I wonder the reason (why/for which) he changed his mind.
(2) 表示方式的先行词way，其后的关系代词可用that也可省略，例如：
1. Everyone does not like the way (that) he talks.
2. Do you know the way (that) the teacher treated his students.
以上就是老师为大家总结的关于四六级考试中定语从句的语法知识，内容看似复杂，实际上很容易掌握，对照题目来看很多疑惑都能引刃而解，考试中无论翻译还是作文当中都会频繁用到，希望考生能够完全掌握。
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