Functional programming leads to deep insights into the nature of computation. -- Martin Odersky
形式化
FizzBuzzWhizz
详细描述请自行查阅相关资料。此处以3, 5, 7
为例,形式化地描述一下问题。
r1
- times(3) -> Fizz
- times(5) -> Buzz
- times(7) -> Whizz
r2
- times(3) && times(5) && times(7) -> FizzBuzzWhizz
- times(3) && times(5) -> FizzBuzz
- times(3) && times(7) -> FizzWhizz
- times(5) && times(7) -> BuzzWhizz
r3
- contains(3) -> Fizz
- the priority of contains(3) is highest
rd
- others -> others
接下来我将使用Scala
尝试FizzBuzzWhizz
问题的设计和实现。
语义模型
从上面的形式化描述,可以很容易地得到FizzBuzzWhizz
问题的语义模型。
Rule: (Int) -> String
Matcher: (Int) -> Boolean
Action: (Int) -> String
其中,Rule
存在三种基本的类型:
Rule ::= atom | allof | anyof
三者之间构成了「树型」结构。
atom: (Matcher, Action) -> String
allof: rule1 && rule2 ...
anyof: rule1 || rule2 ...
测试用例
借助Scala
强大的「类型系统」能力,可抛弃掉很多重复的「样板代码」,使得设计更加简单、漂亮。此外,Scala
构造DSL
的能力也相当值得称赞,非常直接,简单。
import org.scalatest._
import prop._
class RuleSpec extends PropSpec with TableDrivenPropertyChecks with Matchers {
val spec = {
val r1_3 = atom(times(3), to("Fizz"))
val r1_5 = atom(times(5), to("Buzz"))
val r1_7 = atom(times(7), to("Whizz"))
val r1 = anyof(r1_3, r1_5, r1_7)
val r2 = anyof(
allof(r1_3, r1_5, r1_7),
allof(r1_3, r1_5),
allof(r1_3, r1_7),
allof(r1_5, r1_7))
val r3 = atom(contains(3), to("Fizz"))
val rd = atom(always(true), nop);
anyof(r3, r2, r1, rd)
}
val specs = Table(
("n", "expect"),
(3, "Fizz"),
(5, "Buzz"),
(7, "Whizz"),
(3 * 5, "FizzBuzz"),
(3 * 7, "FizzWhizz"),
((5 * 7) * 2, "BuzzWhizz"),
(3 * 5 * 7, "FizzBuzzWhizz"),
(13, "Fizz"),
(35, "Fizz"), // 35 > 5*7
(2, "2")
)
property("fizz buzz whizz") {
forAll(specs) { spec(_) should be (_) }
}
}
匹配器:Matcher
Matcher
是一个「一元函数」,入参为Int
,返回值为Boolean
,是一种典型的「谓词」。从OO
的角度看,always
是一种典型的Null Object
。
object Matchers {
type Matcher = Int => Boolean
def times(n: Int): Matcher = _ % n == 0
def contains(n: Int): Matcher = _.toString.contains(n.toString)
def always(bool: Boolean): Matcher = _ => bool
}
执行器:Action
Action
也是一个「一元函数」,入参为Int
,返回值为String
,其本质就是定制常见的map
操作,将定义域映射到值域。
object Actions {
type Action = Int => String
def to(str: String): Action = _ => str
def nop: Action = _.toString
}
规则:Rule
Composition Everywhere
Rule
是FizzBuzzWhizz
最核心的抽象,也是设计的灵魂所在。从语义上Rule
分为2
种基本类型,并且两者之间形成了优美的、隐式的「树型」结构,体现了「组合式设计」的强大威力。
Atomic
Compositions: anyof, allof
Rule
是一个「一元函数」,入参为Int
,返回值为String
。其中,def atom(matcher: => Matcher, action: => Action)
的入参使用Pass By Name
的惰性求值的特性。
object Rules {
type Rule = (Int) => String
def atom(matcher: => Matcher, action: => Action): Rule =
n => if (matcher(n)) action(n) else ""
def anyof(rules: Rule*): Rule =
n => rules.map(_(n))
.filterNot(_.isEmpty)
.headOption
.getOrElse("")
def allof(rules: Rule*): Rule =
n => rules.foldLeft("") { _ + _(n) }
}
源代码
- Github: https://github.com/horance-liu/fizz-buzz-whizz
- C++11参考实现: https://codingstyle.cn/topics/97
- Java参考实现: https://codingstyle.cn/topics/100
- Ruby参考实现: https://codingstyle.cn/topics/114