英国诗歌篇浪漫主义前的单子主要参照的是外交学院英语翻译专业大三上的选读，教材是《英国文学选读（上）》，浪漫主义及之后的诗歌参照的是我这个学期选的英国浪漫主义诗文经典，教材是 The Health Anthropology of American Literature A, B，之前写的英语文学必读书单（美国小说篇），用的也是这套教材，不过是C、D卷，就不赘述了。
为了方便阅读，点击每首诗歌的标题，就能打开该诗歌。我知道我写得东西比较小众一点，谢谢大家一直以来的支持和鼓励！
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 古英语及中世纪时期-英雄史诗
1.Beowulf 贝奥武夫——英格兰民族史诗，古英语时期的最高成就
the single major surviving work of the Anglo-Saxon (449-1100) heroic poetry. 安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一流传下来的英雄史诗。和《失乐园》一同列为最伟大的史诗。贝奥武夫是古代英雄的典型，忠诚，勇气，责任，荣誉。
《贝奥武夫》的艺术手法（名词解释）：
① Alliteration押头韵
② Kenning: a compound made up of two or more nouns standing for another noun. Kenning（比喻复合辞），是用两个或两个以上的词代表另一个名词，是古英语时期古典诗歌的典型手法，能为普通事物添加美感。
2.Geoffery Chaucer 乔叟1340(?)~1400 Middle English writer
The father of English poetry. The first author to demonstrate vernacular English in art. He was buried in “the Poet’s Corner” in Westminster Abbey as the first person buried there. 英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。John Dryden称其为“英国诗歌之父”。是第一个葬在威斯敏斯特”诗人之角“的人。
The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’ in middle English. 中古英语的杰作，首先使用英雄双韵体。写作风格是witty satire，light humor，irony。
Heroic couplet英雄双韵体: commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.
II. The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期伊丽莎白时代
1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞（1552~1599） university wits大学才子派
The poets’ poet. He greatly influenced the poetry of Milton and Keats. “诗人的诗人”
Pastoral poem in 12 eclogues 每个月一首田园牧歌（我加在链接的是四月）
It sets the pastoral fashion in English literature.
Eclogue牧歌: a classical form in the tradition of Virgil. It presents the moods, feelings and attitudes of the simple, rural life, usually in dialogues between shepherds and shepherdesses who adopt classical, French, or English peasant names.
②The Faerie Queene 仙后-romantic epic浪漫史诗
An allegorical work in praise of Queen Elizabeth 夸赞伊丽莎白一世的寓言
I. It is the first work written in Spenserian stanza.
Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞体: consists of 8 five-foot iambic lines, followed by a six-foot iambic line. The rhyme scheme is “ababbcbcc”.
2. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616
A sonnet十四行诗： is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.
Shakespearean Sonnet莎士比亚式十四行诗 : Three quatrain and one couplet, 韵律是"abab cdcd efef gg".
Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Sonnet 29: When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes
Speech: “All the world’s a stage”
Speech: “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
Speech: “To be, or not to be, that is the question”
III. The 17th Century 十七世纪
1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿（1608~1674）
天才诗人，两大史诗，经口述一笔写就：
①Paradise Lost 失乐园first narrative poem that does not rhyme
②Paradise Regained 复乐园
（其实弥尔顿这个部分，老师也没有讲文本。本身课程容量太大，弥尔顿理解起来也比较困难。我自己看了失乐园的一部分，看不下去。大家查点资料理解下弥尔顿笔下的撒旦之特殊就好。）
2. John Donne 约翰·多恩: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人)
conceits 奇思妙喻: an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas。
IV. The 18th Century: Pre-Romantic period. 十八世纪
1. Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏（1688~1744）
18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。（这个诗人是很有意思的，如果你也喜欢丹·布朗，应该还记得《达芬奇密码》里面关于Pope教皇-蒲柏这个双关吧~）
7. William Blake威廉•布莱克（1757~1827）
他是浪漫主义诗歌的先驱，所以我这个学期虽然是浪漫主义诗歌，第一周却还是主要讲布莱克。我个人很喜欢他的诗，朗朗上口，画面感十足。并且他的诗集是如下配图的，精致美丽，我在图书馆借到之后不愿还书了都。果然诗歌即是音韵美，也是图画美哈~
①Songs of Innocence天真之歌:
A happy and innocent world from children’s eye. It expresses delight in life, even in the face of sorrow and suffering. It praises the beauty of nature and the innocence of child, with a language which a child loves. Nature is in pious harmony as symbolized in “The Lamb”.
London伦敦
②Songs of Experience经验之歌: A world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men’s eyes. The atmosphere is sad and gloomy. The poet draws pictures of poverty and distress, showing sufferings of the miserable. There is also a voice of anger, a wish for freedom and a passion for liberty in the sorrow tone.
《天真与经验之歌》共有54首诗。两个诗集中的绝大多数诗都是作为对比一一对应，这种对比折射的是诗人认知世界的过程： the former presents a world of light, peace and harmony, while the later reflects darker side of its main themes. 这也正是浪漫主义的核心所在。
8. Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯（1759~1796）
最早主要用苏格兰方言写诗的诗人
①A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰
②Auld Long Syne 往昔时光 （也译作 友谊地久天长 我是不会说这是我们班充满年代感的班歌的=v=）
V． The Romantic Period (1789/98-1832) 浪漫主义
开端有两种说法，一种以1789年法国大革命爆发为开端；一种以1798华兹华斯和柯尔律治《抒情歌谣集》的出版为开端，以1832年斯科特去世为结束的标志。
浪漫主义是对之前新古典主义的反叛和革新，强调了人作为独立自由个体的重要性；想象，灵感，自由情感的表达要远远重于古典格律；从关注社会、文明等外部世界变为关注人的内心世界；诗歌应该注重想象，自然，通俗流畅，不囿于形式，从某种角度来说很像是中国古代的古文运动。
“The Lake Poets” 湖畔派诗人：居住在湖区的 William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey.
1. William Wordsworth华兹华斯1770~1850
A leading English Romantic poet, and England’s Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人） from 1843 to 1850. 与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派诗人“。
①Preface to Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集序
"poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”
Lucy系列的组诗都很值得琢磨，虽然华兹华斯总是把天真可爱的小女孩写死= =至少这首她还活着
③Lines Written in Early Spring
④I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud咏水仙
Blank Verse素体诗：written with regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always in iambic pentameter. 五步抑扬格下不押韵的诗体
⑦I Travelled among Unknown Men
⑧Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge科尔律治1772~1834
华兹华斯的好友，共同代表浪漫主义。华兹华斯风格有一点继承了田园牧歌，歌颂孩童和自然，而柯尔律治则擅长写一些充满奇幻色彩的叙事长诗，甚至是带有浓重哥特式气息的诗歌。
①The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏
Lyrical Ballads It relates the supernatural events experienced by a mariner on a long sea voyage. Stops a wedding man. Tells the guests stories. The guests turn from bemusement to impatience.
Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory
3. George Gordon Byron拜伦（1788~1824）
拜伦式英雄“Byronic hero” is a mysterious and romantic rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. He is full of revenge, yet capable of deep affections. Proud, cynical, moody and lonely, he is idealized but flawed, both reflected in Byron’s work and life.（Childe Harold）
①Don Juan 唐•璜 Young man of various background of adventure.
②Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记
A world-weary man, disillusioned with life of pleasure and revelry, looks for distraction of foreign lands. Childe Harold became a vehicle for Byron’s own beliefs and ideas, and introduced for the first time the image of the Byronic Hero.
⑥So, we'll go no more a roving
4. Persy Bysshe Shelley雪莱1792~1822
②A defence of poetry 诗辩 （文章）“Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”, and poetry plays a very important role in spiritual life of society.
④Ode to the West Wind 西风颂
This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying circle of life.最有名的一句：“If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” 冬天来了，春天还会远么？
主题：envy and eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. His wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind. The image of west wind symbolizes rebirth and creative power.
1. Yearning for genius.
2. The hunger for imagination.
3. inherent value of primitive and untrammeled. Images of innocence and serenity.
4. Emphasize the search for individual definition of morality.
4 units use terza rima(三行诗，aba bcb cdc ded efe …), giving a sense of onward movement.
5. John Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821
我最喜欢的浪漫主义诗人（最不喜欢的是雪莱= =），推荐有兴趣的朋友们可以去看小本演得Bright Star，非常美好又忧伤的传记式电影，作为背景了解很不错噢~
Four great odes四大颂:
最有名气的一首诗~名句是Beauty is truth, truth beauty 美即是真，真即是美
Mixed feelings of joy and pain, delight and hurt. His desire of joining the nightingale s that he can escape from the harsh reality and problems and his awareness of the incapability to run away.Themes: immortality and mortality(unable to run away); nature; transcience.
其他诗歌：
⑤To Autumn 秋颂歌颂季节之美与变化之美。Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.
⑥On First Looking into Chapman's Homer初读查普曼译荷马有感
Written in Petrachan sonnet. 彼得拉克式十四行诗。
我很喜欢这首诗歌的表述，很长时间以来我们都在争论原版和译本的问题。可倘若只读原版，一个人要精通多少语言才能看到这个世界呢？济慈给了很好的回应——思想的交流无国界。
⑦“Bright star, would I were stedfast as thou art” 电影的名字来源于这首诗~
⑨Selections from Keats’s Letters (1817)
他的信笺也很值得阅读，早早离开这个世界，却留下了丰富的文学评论和诗歌赏析的相关研究。也不乏小情小爱~
VI. The Victorian Period 1832-1900 维多利亚时期
1. Alfred Tennyson丁尼生(1809~189)
维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人
Appointed Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人） after William Wordsworth, one of the most popular poets in his lifetime, and affirmed as the greatest poet in Victorian Age.
①Ulysses尤利西斯
Dramatic Monologue，是老年尤利西斯英雄迟暮的内心独白。dissatisfied with his life as king of Ithaca, a man of restlessness of action. Tennyson questions what makes an hero after the quest.
为纪念死去的朋友所作，充满了天真无虑和悲伤婉转的对比和融合。
2. Robert Browning罗伯·布朗宁（1812~1889）
布朗宁夫妇的花式虐狗。
① My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人
Dramatic Monologue的代表作品，以英雄双行体写就。
② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思
3. Elizabeth Barrett Browing勃朗宁夫人
England’s most famous woman poet during her life.
葡萄牙人十四行诗。基本都是以两人的爱情为灵感写就的情诗,
VII.Modernism 现代主义 1900~1950
1.William Butler Yeats 叶芝1865~1939
爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴
好吧我知道他最有名的是 当你老了 这类的情诗，然而教材里只选了能代表他现代主义思潮的篇章。
①The Lake Isle of Innisfree （知道innisfree这个牌子怎么来的了吧= =）
2. Thomas Sterns Eliot 艾略特
①the wasteland 荒原
作为一个星期要求读完＋评论的诗歌，最痛苦的就是读艾略特。文化素养还没达到这个高度，现代主义的虚无感让人很不舒服。
②The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 四个四重奏
③Sweeney among the Nightingales
④四个四重奏
