北京时间4月9日晚间，国际货币基金组织（IMF）总裁克里斯塔利娜 • 格奥尔基耶娃发表下周春季会议启动之前的开幕演讲。

I want to begin by wishing my personal best to everyone—for you and your families’ health and safety during these difficult times.

Today we are confronted with a crisis like no other. Covid-19 has disrupted our social and economic order at lightning speed and on a scale that we have not seen in living memory. The virus is causing tragic loss of life, and the lockdown needed to fight it has affected billions of people. What was normal just a few weeks ago—going to school, going to work, being with family and friends—is now a huge risk.

I have no doubt that we will overcome this challenge. Our doctors and nurses are fighting it around the clock, often risking their lives to save the lives of others. Our scientists will come up with solutions to break COVID-19’s grip. Between now and then, we must marshal the determination of all—individuals, governments, businesses, community leaders, international organizations—to act decisively and act together, to protect lives and livelihoods. These are the times for which the IMF was created—we are here to deploy the strength of the global community, so we can help shield the most vulnerable people and revitalize the economy.

The actions we take now will determine the speed and strength of our recovery. That will be the focus of the IMF’s 189 member countries when we meet in our virtual Spring Meetings next week.

It is what I will concentrate on today.

Where We Stand: the Status of the Global Economy

First, let’s look at where we stand. We are still faced with extraordinary uncertainty about the depth and duration of this crisis.

It is already clear, however, that global growth will turn sharply negative in 2020, as you will see in our World Economic Outlook next week. In fact, we anticipate the worst economic fallout since the Great Depression.

Just three months ago, we expected positive per capita income growth in over 160 of our member countries in 2020. Today, that number has been turned on its head: we now project that over 170 countries will experience negative per capita income growth this year.

The bleak outlook applies to advanced and developing economies alike. This crisis knows no boundaries. Everybody hurts.

Given the necessary containment measures to slow the spread of the virus, the world economy is taking a substantial hit. This is especially true for retail, hospitality, transport, and tourism. In most countries, the majority of workers are either self-employed or employed by small and medium-sized enterprises. These businesses and workers are especially exposed.

And just as the health crisis hits vulnerable people hardest, the economic crisis is expected to hit vulnerable countries hardest.

Emerging markets and low-income nations—across Africa, Latin America, and much of Asia—are at high risk. With weaker health systems to begin with, many face the dreadful challenge of fighting the virus in densely populated cities and poverty-stricken slums—where social distancing is hardly an option. With fewer resources to begin with, they are dangerously exposed to the ongoing demand and supply shocks, drastic tightening in financial conditions, and some may face an unsustainable debt burden.

They are also exposed to massive external pressure.

In the last two months, portfolio outflows from emerging markets were about $100 billion—more than three times larger than for the same period of the global financial crisis. Commodity exporters are taking a double blow from the collapse in commodity prices. And remittances—the lifeblood of so many poor people—are expected to dwindle.

We estimate the gross external financing needs for emerging market and developing countries to be in the trillions of dollars, and they can cover only a portion of that on their own, leaving residual gaps in the hundreds of billions of dollars. They urgently need help.

The encouraging news is that all governments have sprung into action and, indeed, there has been significant coordination. Our Fiscal Monitor next week will show that countries around the world have taken fiscal actions amounting to about $8 trillion. In addition, there have been massive monetary measures from the G20 and others.

Many of the poorer nations are also taking bold fiscal and monetary action, even as they grapple with this fundamental shock to their systems—and with far less firepower than their rich-country counterparts.

So this is a snapshot of where the global economy stands today.

There is no question that 2020 will be exceptionally difficult. If the pandemic fades in the second half of the year—thus allowing a gradual lifting of containment measures and reopening of the economy—our baseline assumption is for a partial recovery in 2021. But again, I stress there is tremendous uncertainty around the outlook: it could get worse depending on many variable factors, including the duration of the pandemic.

And crucially, everything depends on the policy actions we take now.

What Needs to be Done: a 4-Point Plan

My next point is about building the bridge to recovery. We see four priorities:

First, continue with essential containment measures and support for health systems. Some say there is a trade-off between saving lives and saving livelihoods. I say it is a false dilemma. Given this is a pandemic crisis, defeating the virus and defending people’s health are necessary for economic recovery. So the message is clear: prioritize health spending for testing and medical equipment; pay doctors and nurses; make sure hospitals and makeshift clinics can function. For many countries—particularly in the emerging and developing world—this means carefully reallocating limited public resources. It also means increasing the flow of resources to these countries. That includes the flow of vital goods: we must minimize disruptions to supply chains and, with immediate effect, refrain from export controls on medical supplies and food.

Second, shield affected people and firms with large, timely, targeted fiscal and financial sector measures. This varies according to country circumstances, but it includes tax deferrals, wage subsidies and cash transfers to the most vulnerable; extending unemployment insurance and social assistance; and temporarily adjusting credit guarantees and loan terms. Some of these measures have been taken in the first wave of policy support. Many countries are already working on a second wave. Lifelines for households and businesses are imperative. We need to prevent liquidity pressures from turning into solvency problems and avoid a scarring of the economy that would make the recovery so much more difficult.

Third, reduce stress to the financial system and avoid contagion. Our upcoming Global Financial Stability Report will analyze the range of vulnerabilities in the financial sector. Banks have built up more capital and liquidity over the past decade, and their resilience will be tested in this rapidly changing environment. The financial system is facing significant pressures, and monetary stimulus and liquidity facilities play an indispensable role. Interest rates have been lowered in many countries. Major central banks have activated swap lines and created new ones to reduce financial market stress. Enhancing liquidity for a broader range of emerging economies would provide further relief. Importantly, it would also lift confidence.

Fourth, even as we move through this containment phase, we must plan for recovery. Again, we must minimize the potential scarring effects of the crisis through policy action now. This requires careful consideration of when to gradually ease restrictions, based on clear evidence that the epidemic is retreating. As measures to stabilize the economy take hold and business starts to normalize, we will need to move swiftly to boost demand. Coordinated fiscal stimulus will be essential. Where inflation remains low and well-anchored, monetary policy should remain accommodative. Those with greater resources and policy space will need to do more; others, with limited resources will need more support.

The IMF: All Hands on Deck

This leads me to the role of the IMF.

We are working 24/7 to support our member countries—with policy advice, technical assistance and financial resources:

— We have $1 trillion in lending capacity and are placing it at the service of our membership.

— We are responding to an unprecedented number of calls for emergency financing—from over 90 countries so far. Our Executive Board has just agreed to double access to our emergency facilities, which will allow us to meet the expected demand of about $100 billion in financing. Lending programs have already been approved at record speed—including for the Kyrgyz Republic, Rwanda, Madagascar, and Togo—with many more to come.— We are reviewing our tool kit to see how we might better use precautionary credit lines to encourage additional liquidity support, establish a short-term liquidity line, and help meet countries’ financing needs via other options—including the use of SDRs. And where we might be unable to lend because a country’s debt is unsustainable, we will look for solutions that can unlock critical financing.

— We have revamped our Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust to provide immediate debt relief to low-income countries affected by the crisis, thereby creating space for spending on urgent health needs rather than debt repayment. We are now working with donors to increase the CCRT to $1.4 billion to extend the duration of the debt relief.

— And together with the World Bank, we are calling for a standstill of debt service to official bilateral creditors for the world’s poorest countries.

I am proud of the staff of the IMF for stepping up in this crisis. And I look forward to the discussions during the Spring Meetings next week on what more we can do.

Conclusion: A Test of Our Humanity

Let me conclude with a line from Victor Hugo who once said: “Great perils have this beauty, that they bring to light the fraternity of strangers”.

It is this common threat that brings us all together, to harness the greatest strengths of our humanity—solidarity, courage, creativity, and compassion. We don’t know yet how our economies and way of life will change, but we do know we will come out of this crisis more resilient.

Thank you very much.

演讲概述了危机时期全球经济的主要重点、全球经济现状、在应对这场疫情过程中面临的挑战，以及如何最有效地为经济复苏创造条件。

格奥尔基耶娃在演讲中表示：“今天，我们面临着前所未有的危机。新冠肺炎以惊人的速度破坏了我们的社会和经济秩序，这在我们的记忆中是前所未有的。新冠病毒造成了悲惨的生命损失，而与之抗争所需的封锁措施已影响到数十亿人。”

格奥尔基耶娃称，全球经济发展状况有如下几个变化：

一、急剧的负增长

“我们仍然面临着这场危机的深度和持续时间的极大不确定性。但是，已经很清楚，全球增长将在2020年急剧转为负增长。事实上，我们预计全球经济将进入自大萧条以来最严重的经济下滑。”

3个月前，IMF预计超过160个成员的人均收入将出现正增长。而IMF现在预计，今年将有170多个成员的人均收入出现负增长。

二、经济部分恢复

“如果大流行在下半年消失，从而逐步取消遏制措施并重新开放经济，2021年经济将部分恢复。但是，前景仍存在巨大的不确定性：许多因素可能导致情况可能会变得更糟，包括大流行的持续时间。”

三、新兴市场和低收入国家投资流出

“就像健康危机对弱势群体的打击最大一样，经济危机对弱势国家的打击最大……在最近两个月中，新兴市场的投资流出约为1000亿美元，是全球金融危机的同期流出量的3倍之多。”

四、全球进行重大政策协调

“令人鼓舞的消息是，所有国家的政府都已采取行动，并已经进行了重大政策协调。IMF下周的《财政监测报告》将显示，世界各国已采取了总计约8万亿美元的财政措施。此外，二十国集团（G20）和其他国家采取了大规模的货币措施。”

格奥尔基耶娃说：“家庭和企业的生命线至关重要。我们需要防止流动性压力变成偿付能力问题，并避免造成经济复苏的经济伤痕累累。”

她提出需要完成的四点优先事项计划，其中包括：继续采取必要的遏制措施并为卫生系统提供支持。采用大型、及时、有针对性的财政和金融部门措施来保护受影响的人和公司。减轻金融体系的压力并避免影响扩大。做好恢复阶段的规划，最大程度地减少危机的潜在影响。

针对目前的全球危机，IMF方面表示将全力以赴。目前，IMF拥有1万亿美元的贷款能力，其将为成员国服务。迄今为止，IMF正在响应来自90个国家的紧急融资呼吁。执行董事会刚刚同意加倍使用紧急设施，这将使IMF能够满足约1000亿美元的预期融资需求。而目前IMF还在努力将该机构的巨灾遏制和救济信托基金增加到14亿美元。IMF还与世界银行一道，呼吁为世界上最贫穷国家的官方双边债权人停止偿债。