Linux命令参数详细解析-ping

  • 概要
    ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV] [-c count] [-F flowlabel] [-i interval] [-I inter‐
    face] [-l preload] [-m mark] [-M pmtudisc_option] [-N nodeinfo_option] [-w
    deadline] [-W timeout] [-p pattern] [-Q tos] [-s packetsize] [-S sndbuf] [-t
    ttl] [-T timestamp option] [hop ...] destination

  • 描述
    ping uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an
    ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (''pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a struct timeval and then
    an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet.
    ping6 is IPv6 version of ping, and can also send Node Information Queries
    (RFC4620). Intermediate hops may not be allowed, because IPv6 source routing
    was deprecated (RFC5095).

  • 操作

     -a     Audible ping.
    
     -A     Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time, so that
            effectively not more than one (or more, if preload is set)  unanswered
            probe  is   present in the network. Minimal interval is 200msec for not
            super-user.  On networks with low rtt this mode is essentially equiva‐
            lent to flood mode.
    
     -b     Allow pinging a broadcast address.
    
     -B     Do  not allow ping to change source address of probes.  The address is
            bound to one selected when ping starts.
    
     -c count
            Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With  deadline  option,
            ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the timeout expires.
    
     -d     Set  the  SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used.  Essentially, this
            socket option is not used by Linux kernel.
    
     -D     Print timestamp (unix time + microseconds as in  gettimeofday)  before
            each line.
    
     -f     Flood  ping.  For  every  ECHO_REQUEST sent a period ``.'' is printed,
            while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed.  This  pro‐
            vides  a  rapid  display  of  how  many packets are being dropped.  If
            interval is not given, it sets interval to zero and outputs packets as
            fast  as  they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is
            more.  Only the super-user may use this option with zero interval.
    
     -F flow label
            ping6 only.  Allocate and set 20 bit  flow  label  (in  hex)  on  echo
            request  packets.   If  value  is  zero,  kernel allocates random flow
            label.
    
     -h     Show help.
    
     -i interval
            Wait interval seconds between sending each packet.  The default is  to
            wait  for  one  second between each packet normally, or not to wait in
            flood mode. Only super-user may set interval to values less  0.2  sec‐
            onds.
     -I interface
            interface is either an address, or an interface name.  If interface is
            an address, it sets source address to specified interface address.  If
            interface  in an interface name, it sets source interface to specified
            interface.  For ping6, when doing ping to a link-local scope  address,
            link  specification  (by  the  '%'-notation in destination, or by this
            option) is required.
    
     -l preload
            If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not waiting  for
            reply.  Only the super-user may select preload more than 3.
    
     -L     Suppress loopback of multicast packets.  This flag only applies if the
            ping destination is a multicast address.
    
     -m mark
            use mark to tag the packets going out. This is useful for  variety  of
            reasons  within the kernel such as using policy routing to select spe‐
            cific outbound processing.
     -n     Numeric output only.  No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names
            for host addresses.
    
     -O     Report  outstanding  ICMP ECHO reply before sending next packet.  This
            is useful together with the timestamp -D to log output to a diagnostic
            file and search for missing answers.
    
     -p pattern
            You  may  specify  up  to  16 ``pad'' bytes to fill out the packet you
            send.  This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a net‐
            work.  For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to be filled with
            all ones.
    
     -q     Quiet output.  Nothing  is  displayed  except  the  summary  lines  at
            startup time and when finished.
    
     -Q tos Set  Quality  of  Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams.  tos can be
            decimal (ping only) or hex number.
    -r     Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to  a  host  on  an
            attached  interface.   If  the host is not on a directly-attached net‐
            work, an error is returned.  This option can be used to ping  a  local
            host  through  an  interface that has no route through it provided the
            option -I is also used.
    
     -R     ping only.  Record route.  Includes the  RECORD_ROUTE  option  in  the
            ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets.
            Note that the IP header is only large enough  for  nine  such  routes.
            Many hosts ignore or discard this option.
    
     -s packetsize
            Specifies  the  number  of  data bytes to be sent.  The default is 56,
            which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes  when  combined  with  the  8
            bytes of ICMP header data.
    
     -S sndbuf
            Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer not more
            than one packet.
     -t ttl ping only.  Set the IP Time to Live.
    
     -T timestamp option
            Set special IP timestamp options.   timestamp  option  may  be  either
            tsonly  (only  timestamps),  tsandaddr  (timestamps  and addresses) or
            tsprespec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp prespecified hops).
    
     -U     Print full user-to-user latency (the  old  behaviour).  Normally  ping
            prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e. due to DNS
            failures.
    
     -v     Verbose output.
    
     -V     Show version and exit.
    
    -w deadline
            Specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping  exits  regardless  of  how
            many  packets  have  been sent or received. In this case ping does not
            stop after count packet are sent, it waits either for deadline  expire
            or until count probes are answered or for some error notification from
            network.
    
     -W timeout
            Time to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only time‐
            out in absence of any responses, otherwise ping waits for two RTTs.
    
参数 详解
-a Audible ping.
-A 自适应ping,根据ping包往返时间确定ping的速度;
-b 允许ping一个广播地址;
-B 不允许ping改变包头的源地址;
-c count ping指定次数后停止ping;
-d 使用Socket的SO_DEBUG功能;
-F flow_label 为ping回显请求分配一个20位的“flow label”,如果未设置,内核会为ping随机分配;
-f 极限检测,快速连续ping一台主机,ping的速度达到100次每秒;
-i interval 设定间隔几秒发送一个ping包,默认一秒ping一次;
-I interface 指定网卡接口、或指定的本机地址送出数据包;
-l preload 设置在送出要求信息之前,先行发出的数据包;
-L 抑制组播报文回送,只适用于ping的目标为一个组播地址
-n 不要将ip地址转换成主机名;
-p pattern 指定填充ping数据包的十六进制内容,在诊断与数据有关的网络错误时这个选项就非常有用,如:“-p ff”;
-q 不显示任何传送封包的信息,只显示最后的结果
-Q tos 设置Qos(Quality of Service),它是ICMP数据报相关位;可以是十进制或十六进制数,详见rfc1349和rfc2474文档;
-R 记录ping的路由过程(IPv4 only);
注意:由于IP头的限制,最多只能记录9个路由,其他会被忽略;
-r 忽略正常的路由表,直接将数据包送到远端主机上,通常是查看本机的网络接口是否有问题;如果主机不直接连接的网络上,则返回一个错误。
-S sndbuf Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer not more than one packet.
-s packetsize 指定每次ping发送的数据字节数,默认为“56字节”+“28字节”的ICMP头,一共是84字节;
包头+内容不能大于65535,所以最大值为65507(linux:65507, windows:65500);
-t ttl 设置TTL(Time To Live)为指定的值。该字段指定IP包被路由器丢弃之前允许通过的最大网段数;
-T timestamp_option 设置IP timestamp选项,可以是下面的任何一个:'tsonly' (only timestamps)'tsandaddr' (timestamps and addresses)'tsprespec host1 [host2 [host3]]' (timestamp prespecified hops).
-M hint 设置MTU(最大传输单元)分片策略。可设置为:'do':禁止分片,即使包被丢弃;'want':当包过大时分片;'dont':不设置分片标志(DF flag);
-m mark 设置mark;
-v 使ping处于verbose方式,它要ping命令除了打印ECHO-RESPONSE数据包之外,还打印其它所有返回的ICMP数据包;
-U Print full user-to-user latency (the old behaviour).Normally ping prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e. due to DNS failures.
-W timeout 以毫秒为单位设置ping的超时时间;
-w deadline deadline;
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