15 The problems in COMBINATION

问题是综合的

现实中遇到的逻辑错误往往并不是按照所学一个一个来的，都是综合在一起，这才让人难以分辨，难以区分。逻辑混乱。

这一部分很好的复习了前面学习过的几种逻辑谬误以及给出了如何避免这种谬误的方法。

时刻提醒自己保持批判性的思维，这个技能是需要训练的。

We have seen how each of the problems discussed in Chapters 6 through 14 occurs inisolation. Although it is common to find them that way, it is at least as common to find them occurring in various combinations. For example, "mine is better" thinking may lead us to resist new ideas that challenge our cherished beliefs. Similarly, the urge to conform may lead us to accept stereotyped images of people and institutions, and these, in turn, may lead us to make unwarranted assumptions or oversimplify complex situations. The possible combinations that may occur are innumerable, yet they all have one thing in common: Cumulatively they obstruct critical thinking more than anyone of their component problems does singly.

我们已经看到第6章到第14章中讨论的每个问题是如何独立发生的。虽然通常以这种方式找到它们，但至少发现它们以各种组合发生是常见的。例如，“我的更好”的想法可能会导致我们抵制挑战我们珍视信念的新想法。同样，合规的愿望可能导致我们接受人们和机构的刻板印象，这反过来可能导致我们做出毫无根据的假设或过分简化在复杂的情况下。可能发生的组合可能是无数的，但它们都有一个共同点：累积地阻碍批判性思维比任何一个组成部分问题都单独。

EXAMINING THE PROBLEMS IN COMBINATION

考察组合中的问题

Let's examine several combinations of problems closely and determine the specific ways they affect the thinking of the people involved.

让我们仔细研究几个问题组合，并确定它们影响相关人员思维的具体方式。

Claude is an active worker for hispolitical party. Because he feels a strong personal identification with the party and is therefore convinced that its platform and its candidates represent the salvation of the country, he is unusually zealous in his efforts. One day he is having lunch with Nell, a business acquaintance. The discussion predictably turns to politics. Claude delivers a few pronouncements on his candidate and the opposition. His candidate, he asserts, is a brilliant theorist and practitioner. Her opponent, in Claude's view, is a complete fool.Claude delivers a few pronouncements on his candidate and the opposition.  Claude volunteers harsh judgments of the opponent's political record and of his family and associates and rattles on about how the country will be ruined if he is elected.

克劳德是他的政党的积极工作者。因为他对党有强烈的个人身份认同，因此相信其平台和候选人代表了国家的救赎，因此他的努力异常热烈。有一天，他正在和商业熟人奈尔共进午餐。讨论可以预见地转向政治。克劳德对他的候选人和反对派发表了几个声明。他断言，他的候选人是一位出色的理论家和实践者。克劳德认为，她的对手是一个完全的傻瓜。克劳德志愿者对对手的严厉判断他的政治记录，他的家人和同伙，以及关于如果他当选，国家将会被毁灭的摇摆声。

After listening for a while, Nell challenges Claude. She quietly presents facts that disprove many of Claude's ideas and points up the extravagance of Claude'sassertions. Thought there is nothing personal in Nell's challenge, and it is presented in a calm, objective way, Claude becomes angry. He accuses Nell of distorting his words, denies having said certain things that he did say, and stubbornly clings to others despite the facts Nell has presented.

听了一段时间后，内尔挑战克劳德。她悄悄地提出反驳克劳德许多观点的事实，并指出克劳德断言的行为放纵。认为奈尔的挑战没有任何个人特征，并且以冷静客观的方式呈现，克劳德生气。他指责内尔扭曲了他的话，否认说过某些他曾经说过的话，并且尽管内尔已经提出了事实，他顽固地依附于他人。

Let's reconstruct what happened in terms of the problems we have been studying. Claude's initial problem was his"mine is better" attitude, which blinded him to the possibility that his candidate and platform were not perfect and that the opposition had some merit. In other words, it made him overvalue the things he identified with and undervalue those he did not. Accordingly, when he spoke about the candidates and the platforms, he was inclined to oversimplify. Then when Nell called his errors to his attention (as someone sooner or later was bound to do), Claude was driven to relieve his embarrassment through face-saving devices. Because the stronger one's commitment, the greater one's reluctance to admit error,Claude undoubtedly learned little from the incident.

让我们重新解释我们研究过的问题。克劳德最初的问题是他的“我的更好”的态度，这使他不知道他的候选人和平台不完美，而且反对派有一些优点。换句话说，这使他高估了他所认定的东西，低估了他没有的东西。因此，当他谈到候选人和平台时，他倾向于过分简化。然后，当内尔把他的错误称为他的注意力时（因为某些人早晚必然会这样做），克劳德被驱使通过爱面子的方式来解除他的尴尬。因为强者的承诺越大，不愿意承认错误，克劳德无疑从事件中学到很少。

Alma is very conservative in her dress. She strongly resists any fashion change. When miniskirts came back into style, she was scandalized. She was fond of remarking, "today's designers are nothing but perverts intent on destroying the very idea of modesty and promoting moral decay."

阿尔玛的裙子非常保守。她强烈抵制任何时尚变化。当迷你裙回归风格时，她很震惊。她评论说：“今天的设计师只不过是意图破坏谦虚和推动道德腐败的意图而已。

Like Claude, Alma was the victim of acombination of problems in the new and to exaggerate the importance of the matter. This perspective caused her to form a hasty conclusion about the character and intentions of miniskirt designers and to over-generalize that conclusion to all designers.

和克劳德一样，阿尔玛也是新人遇到的一系列问题的受害者，并且夸大了这件事的重要性。这种观点让她对迷你裙设计师的性格和意图形成了一个草率的结论，并将这一结论过度地推广到所有设计师。

Ten years ago, Sam fell in with a group of sexually promiscuous people. At first he had some reservations about becoming involved with them. After all, their attitudes toward sex and marriage were very unlike those had grown up with. But the group seemed so exciting, so modern, so "relevant." Sam wanted very much to be accepted and approved by them. Once he was part of the group, he began buying books that glorify group sex and attack traditional attitudes toward sexuality, and attending lectures calling sexual promiscuity and enlightened, liberating practice. Now Sam assumes that all sexually promiscuous people are intellectually courageous and emotionally healthy, and that monogamous people are unthinking, frightened, and repressed. Furthermore, he believes that warnings about AIDS are based on a puritanical aversion to sexual expression.

十年前，Sam陷入了一群性混杂的人。起初他对参与他们有所保留。毕竟，他们对性和婚姻的态度与那些长大的人不同。但是这个团体看起来如此令人兴奋，如此现代，如此“相关”。山姆非常希望被他们接受和批准。一旦他成为这个团队的一员，他就开始购买宣扬集体性的书籍，并攻击传统的对性的态度，并参加演讲，要求性滥交和开明，解放实践。现在，萨姆认为所有性混杂的人在智力上有勇气和情绪健康，而且一夫一妻制的人不会思考，害怕和压制。此外，他认为有关艾滋病的警告是基于对性表达的清教厌恶。

Sam's urge to conform was too strong for his own good. His desire to be popular, to belong to the "in" crowd,overrode his individuality. He did not join the group out of conviction, after thinking carefully about its good and bad points and weighing its values. He joined merely out of a desire to be included. This conformist urge also led him to suspend his critical sense. Instead and reading both favorable and unfavorable analyses of promiscuity, he ignored all unfavorable, and even all mixed, views. This narrow, sheltered perspective eventually resulted in his non-promiscuous alike, based on stereotyped views of both. It also caused him to adopt a foolish position concerning the danger of AIDS.

为了他自己的利益，萨姆渴望遵守规则太强烈了。他渴望流行，属于“在”人群，超越了他的个性。他并没有在仔细考虑其优点和缺点并衡量其价值之后因信念而加入该团体。他仅仅是出于一种被包含的欲望而加入。这种依从性的要求也导致他暂停了他的批判意识。相反，他没有阅读对滥交的有利和不利的分析，相反他忽略了所有不利的，甚至是所有混杂的观点。这种狭隘的，庇护的观点最终导致了他的非混杂性，因为他们都是基于对两者的刻板印象。这也使他对艾滋病的危险采取愚蠢的立场。

AVOIDING THE PROBLEMSIN COMBINATION

避免混合逻辑错误

When combinations of problems occur, the effect is to multiply the obstacles to critical thinking. One error reinforces another, triggers a third, and so on. More over, though such chain reactions usually occur in one area – with Claude it was politics, with Alma fashion, with Sam sex – they often spread and influence our thinking in other areas as well. A person who indulges unthinking reactions to one aspect of life will very likely become more unthinking, notless. For simple, given the complexity of many everyday problems and the general temptation to deal with them in the easiest, quickest way possible,ready-made pat answers have a certain undeniable appeal.

当出现问题的组合时，其效果是增加到批判性思维的障碍。一个错误加强另一个错误，触发第三个错误，依此类推。更重要的是，尽管这样的连锁反应通常发生在一个领域 - 与克劳德对政治一样，阿尔玛对时尚和萨姆对性行为 - 他们经常在其他领域传播和影响我们的思维。一个对生活的某个方面放纵无知的人很可能会变得更多不思考，而不是更少。简单来说，考虑到许多日常问题的复杂性以及以最简单，最快速的方式处理它们的普遍诱惑，现成的拍拍答案具有一定的不可否认的吸引力。

The first and most important step in solving these problems in combination, like the first step insolving them individually, is to recognize that you are prone to them. They are not the "other person's" problems. Nor do they afflict only the uneducated or less intelligent. They can be found in varying degrees in all people.

解决这些问题的第一步也是最重要的一步，就像单独解决这些问题的第一步一样，要认识到你很容易遇到这些问题。这不是“他人”的问题。他们也不仅只存在于那些没有受过教育的或不那么聪明的人。所有人都可以在不同程度上找到他们。

Another helpful step is to remind yourself from time to time what each problem consists of and how you can most effectively deal with it. To help you do this, here is a brief summary of all the problems discussed in Chapters 6 through 14.

另一个有用的步骤是不时提醒自己，每个问题包含哪些内容以及如何最有效地处理它。为了帮助你做到这一点，下面简要总结第6章到第14章讨论的所有问题。

The Problems:

问题

"Mine is better"

我的更好

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Preferring your own ideas for no other reason than that they are yours. Remind yourself that all people tend to regard their ideas that way, but critical thinking demands that you examine your ideas as you would other people's.

如何识别和处理它们： 喜欢自己的想法，除了他们是你的以外，没有别的原因。提醒自己，所有的人都倾向于用这种方式来看待他们的想法，但批判性思维需要你像别人一样审视自己的想法。

The Problems:

问题

Resistance to change

拒绝改变

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Proffering familiar to unfamiliar ideas.Expect your first reaction to new ideas to be negative. Set that reaction aside and judge the idea on the basis of your critical appraisal.

如何认识和处理它们： 与不熟悉的想法比，更倾向于熟悉的想法。假设你对新想法的第一反应是消极的。把这个反应放在一边，根据你的批判性评价来判断这个想法。

The Problems:

问题

Conformity

从众性

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Thinking the way others do because of the group or your desire to belong. (Or, conversely, thinking the way others do not, simply because they do not.) base your thinking on the evidence and not on how others do or don't think.

如何认识和处理它们： 思考他人因为团队或你的归属欲望而行事的方式。（或者，相反地，考虑别人不这样做的方式，仅仅因为他们不这样做）将你的思考建立在证据而不是别人如何思考的基础上。

The Problems:

问题

Face-saving

爱面子

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Attempting to preserve your self-image or the image you project to others when some unpleasant reality threatens it.Distinguish between what you wish were so and what is so. Be honest with yourself.

如何识别和处理它们： 试图保护你的自我形象或你留给他人的印象，当一些不愉快的现实威胁它时。区分你的愿望是什么，以及它现实是如何的。不要自欺欺人。

The Problems:

问题

Stereotyping

刻板印象

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Making fixed, unbending generalizations about people, places, or things. Remind yourself that most things do not fit into neat categories. In addition, resist the feeling that you know what the correct judgment is when that feeling arises early in the information-gathering process.

如何认识和处理它们： 对人物，地点或事物进行固定的不变的概括。提醒自己，大多数事情不适合整齐的类别。此外，在信息收集过程早期出现这种感觉时，要抵制这种感觉，即你知道正确的判断是什么。

The Problems:

问题

Oversimplification

过分简化

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Simplifying that does not merely scale down complex matters to more manageable proportion but twists and distorts them. Besure your views are an accurate representation of reality.

如何认识和处理它们： 简化它不仅仅是将复杂的事物缩小到更容易管理的程度，而是扭曲和扭曲它们。确保你的观点是现实的准确表达。

The Problems:

问题

Hasty conclusions

仓促结论

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Judgments made before sufficient evidence is obtained. Withhold judgment until you have answered all important questions pertaining to the issue. If you must answer without sufficient evidence, use the "If… then" approach. If the evidence will support probability but not certainty, limit your conclusion to one that is merely probable.

如何识别和处理它们： 获得充分证据前做出的判断。直到你回答了与这个问题有关的所有重要问题时才进行判断。如果您必须回答没有足够的证据，请使用“If ... then”方法。如果证据支持可能性但不确定，则将您的结论限制为仅可能的结论。

The Problems:

问题

Unwarranted assumptions

没有依据的假设

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Ideas that you have in mind and that influence your reasoning without your being conscious of it; ideas you take for granted.Develop the habit of reading (and listening) between the lines for ideas that are unexpressed but nevertheless clearly implied.

如何识别和处理它们： 你想到的那些想法，这些想法在你没有意识到的情况下会影响你的推理; 你认为理所当然的想法。培养阅读（和倾听）习惯的习惯，以表达未被表达但明确暗示的想法。

The Problems:

问题

Logical fallacies

逻辑谬误

How to Recognize and deal with them:  Specific errors that occur in your reasoning about issues. Monitor your thinking for signs of these errors. Especially when you are planning an oral or written presentation of your views.

如何识别和处理它们： 在对问题的推理中发生的特定错误。监视你思考时发生的对这些错误的想法的信号。特别是当您计划对您的观点进行口头或书面介绍时。

APPLICATIONS

应用

Analyze each of the following cases as the chapter does with the cases of Claude, Alma, and Sam:

根据Claude，Alma和Sam的案例分析以下每个案例：

A middle-aged couple, Ann and Dan , learn that their twenty-two year old daughter, a senior in college, is an active lesbian. They are appalled. They were raised to believe that lesbian is mis willful moral degeneracy. Struggling to cope with their new awareness, each begins to blame the other – Ann suggests Dan has always been cold and aloof with the girl, and Dan is sure Ann has been too close to her, has smothered her with affection. After many hours of arguing, they decide that there is more direct cause of her deviance – the college. "You'd think educated people would be alert to the danger of degeneracy with all the girls crammed into dorms,"Ann cries. Dan shouts, "Damn it, I'm going to send a letter to the chairman of that college's board of trustees. I want the dean of students fired.

一对中年夫妇Ann和Dan了解到，他们大二的二十二岁大的女儿是一名积极的女同性恋。他们感到震惊。他们被提出认为女同性恋是故意的道德堕落。为了应对他们的新意识，每个人都开始责怪另一个人 - Ann建议Dan一直对这个女孩感到冷淡和孤僻，Dan确信Ann离她太近，并且已经对她产生了感情。经过数小时的争论后，他们认为她的偏差有更直接的原因 - 学院。 “你会认为受过教育的人会对所有女孩挤进宿舍的堕落危险保持警觉，”Ann哭着说。丹喊道，“该死的，我要写信给该学院董事会主席，我想让学生的院长被解雇。

Stephen enrolls as a freshman at Progress Technical College. He notices that he has an eight o'clock Englishclass three days a week. Because he's a late riser, this disturbs him. But when he attends the first class, he notices that the instructor's name is Stein."Wow," he thinks to himself, "What better break could a Jewishkid who likes to sleep in the morning have than a Jewish instructor!" Over the next few weeks, he seizes any excuse to stay after class, talk with Mr.Stein, and win his favor. For his first two compositions, Stephen chooses subjects that will permit him to stress his Jewishness (and thereby impress Mr.Stein). Soon he decides that Mr. Stein "understands" him. He begins to miss class occasionally and hands in about on assignment out of four. When he sees Mr. Stein, Stephen plies him with pathetic tales of misfortune. His midterm grade is D, but he tells himself that Mr. Stein is just trying to scare him and will raise his grade in the end. Thus he attends class even less frequently and does less work. Eventually the semester ends, and he receives an F in English. His first reaction is disbelief. He rushes to see Mr. Stein, who says, "I made clear on the first day of class that students could expect to pass only if they attended class and did their homework faithfully. I'm sorry about the grade, but your deserve it." From that moment on, Stephen refuses to speak to Mr. Stein when he passes him on campus. And whenever the conversation is the snack bar or dorm turns to teachers, he loudly denounces Mr. Stein as a phony.

斯蒂芬在进步技术学院招收新生。他注意到他每周三天有八点英语课。因为他是一个晚起者，这使他感到不安。但是当他参加第一堂课时，他注意到教师的名字是Stein。 “哇，”他自言自语道，“犹太教练早上喜欢睡觉的犹太小孩有什么更好的休息时间呢？”在接下来的几周里，他抓住任何借口留下课后，与斯坦先生交谈，并赢得他的青睐。对于他的前两部作品，斯蒂芬选择了允许他强调他的犹太性的主题（从而给斯坦因留下了深刻的印象）。不久，他决定斯坦先生“理解”他。他偶尔会开始错过课程，并在四人中分配任务。当他看到斯坦先生时，斯蒂芬用悲惨的故事向他讲述着他。他的中期成绩是D，但他告诉自己Stein先生只是想吓唬他，并最终提高他的成绩。因此，他上课的次数更少，工作也更少。最后这个学期结束了，他收到英文的F。他的第一反应是难以置信。他急忙去看斯坦先生，他说：“我在课程的第一天就明确表示学生只有在上课时才能通过，并且忠实地完成了他的作业。对于成绩我很抱歉，但你应该得到它“。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。但他告诉自己斯坦因只是想吓唬他，并最终提高他的成绩。因此，他上课的次数更少，工作也更少。最后这个学期结束了，他收到英文的F。他的第一反应是难以置信。他急忙去看斯坦先生，他说：“我在课程的第一天就明确表示学生只有在上课时才能通过，并且忠实地完成了他的作业。对于成绩我很抱歉，但你应该得到它“。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。但他告诉自己斯坦因只是想吓唬他，并最终提高他的成绩。因此，他上课的次数更少，工作也更少。最后这个学期结束了，他收到英文的F。他的第一反应是难以置信。他急忙去看斯坦先生，他说：“我在课程的第一天就明确表示学生只有在上课时才能通过，并且忠实地完成了他的作业。对于成绩我很抱歉，但是你应得的“。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。最后这个学期结束了，他收到英文的F。他的第一反应是难以置信。他急忙去看斯坦先生，他说：“我在课程的第一天就明确表示学生只有在上课时才能通过，并且忠实地完成了他的作业。对于成绩我很抱歉，但你应该得到它“。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。最后这个学期结束了，他收到英文的F。他的第一反应是难以置信。他急忙去看斯坦先生，他说：“我在课程的第一天就明确表示学生只有在上课时才能通过，并且忠实地完成了他的作业。对于成绩我很抱歉，但你应该得到它“。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。从那一刻起，斯蒂芬拒绝在斯坦因在校园里经过时与他讲话。而每当谈话是小吃店或宿舍转向老师时，他大声谴责斯坦因先生是一个虚假。

Three Southern California professor of medicine devised a hoax as an experiment. They paid a professional actor to lecture three groups educators.Armed with a fake identity, "Dr. Myron L. Fox of the Albert Einstein University," false but impressive credentials, and a scholarly sounding topic, "Mathematical Game Theory as Applied to Physical Education,"the actor proceeded to present one meaningless, conflicting statement after another. His words were a combination of double-talk and academic jargon.During the question and answer period, he made even less sense.Yet not one of the fifty-five educators in his audience realized they had been tricked. Virtually all of them believed they had learned something. Some even praised the imposter in this manner, "Excellent presentation, enjoyed listening. Has warm manner… lively examples…l extremely articulate." Explain what combination of the problems in Chapters 6 through 14 may have accounted for the audience's gullibility.

南加利福尼亚州的三位医学教授设计了一个骗局，作为一个实验。他们付了专业演员来演讲三组教育工作者。 “阿尔伯特爱因斯坦大学的Myron L. Fox博士说，”虚假但令人印象深刻的证书以及一篇学术上有争议的话题“适用于体育的数学博弈论”，演员接着展示了一个毫无意义的，相互矛盾的说法。他的话是双重谈话和学术术语的结合。在问答期间，他更没有意义。 然而，在他的观众中，五十五名教育工作者中没有一个意识到他们被欺骗了。 几乎所有人都相信他们已经学到了一些东西。有人甚至以这种方式称赞这位冒名顶替者：“出色的演讲，喜欢听，热情的态度......活泼的例子......非常清晰。” 解释第6章到第14章中的问题的组合可能是否引起了观众的轻信。

Determine your position on each of the following cases, being sure to avoid all the problems reviewed in this chapter.

确定你在以下每种情况下的立场，确保避免本章所述的所有问题。

When Alabama prisons and jails became seriously overcrowded, a U.S. district judge ordered that more than 300 convicts be granted early release. The group included murderers, rapists, and repeat offenders. The judge's argument was that serious overcrowding in prisons and jails is a violation of prisoners' rights against "cruel and unusual punishment." Do you share the judge's view?

当阿拉巴马州的监狱和监狱严重拥挤时，美国地区法官下令将300多名罪犯提前释放。这些人包括凶手，强奸犯和屡犯者。法官的论点是，监狱和监狱严重拥挤是对囚犯不应被“残忍和不寻常的惩罚”的权利的侵犯。你是否赞同法官的观点？

U.S. law has accorded most charitable and educational groups tax-exempt status as long as they refrainfrom lobbying activities. However, veterans groups like the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars were traditionally regarded as exceptions; that is, they were permitted to lobby extensively on such issues as the ratification of the Panama Canal treaties, Alaskan national parks, national security, and Saturday mail delivery (as well as issues more directly involving veterans)without jeopardizing their tax-exempt status. Then in 1982 a federal appeal scourt eliminated special treatment for veterans groups, arguing that it violated the equal protection guarantees of the Constitution. Do you agree with this court decision?

只要他们不参加游说活动，美国法律就赋予大部分慈善和教育团体免税地位。然而，像美国军团和外国战争退伍军人这样的退伍军人传统上被认为是例外。也就是说，他们被允许在批准巴拿马运河条约，阿拉斯加国家公园，国家安全和星期六邮件递送（以及更直接涉及退伍军人的问题）等问题上广泛游说，而不损害其免税地位。然后在1982年，联邦上诉法院取消了退伍军人团体的特殊待遇，认为它违反了宪法的平等保护保障。你同意这个法庭判决吗？

Evaluate each of the following arguments carefully. Determine what the most reasonable position is and what makes it so. Avoid the problems in thinking reviewed in this chapter. (Be careful not to assume that the view expressed here necessarily contains errors. It may be error-free!)

仔细评估以下每个争论。确定最合理的位置是什么以及是什么使其成为可能。避免那些在本章中思考的问题。（注意不要认为这里表达的视观点然包含错误，它可能没有错误！）

For years criminals have sold the rights to their life stories to publishers and movie producers. The more terrible their crimes, the more money publishers and producers have usually been willing to pay. This practice in effect rewards criminals for their crimes. This practice should be ended. The profits criminals receive in this manner should be placed in a fund to be distributed among the victims of their crimes.

多年来，犯罪分子已经将自己的生活故事权卖给了出版物和电影制作人。他们的罪行越可怕，出版商和制片人通常愿意支付的钱越多。这种做法实际上是为了奖励犯罪分子的罪行。这种做法应该结束。犯罪分子以这种方式获得的利润应当存入基金中，分配给他们的犯罪受害者。

The New Testament contains these words from St. Paul: "Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. Therefore he who resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good, and you will have praise from the same… wherefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience's sake." It is clear from thesewords that all Christians have an obligation to be loyal to their country's government and not to challenge it. Therefore Christians who live in the United States do wrong when they join any protest movement and even when they support protest movements in foreign countries – for example, the Solidarity movement in Poland.

新约圣经包含圣保禄的这些话：“让每个人服从执政当局，因为除了上帝以外，没有权威，而存在的人是上帝建立的，因此他抵制权威的人反对上帝的这条法令;而反对的人会受到自己的谴责，因为统治者不是害怕良好行为的原因，而是邪恶的原因，你想不要害怕权威吗？做好事，你从同一个行为得到赞美...因此，必须要服从，不仅是因为愤怒，而且是为了良知。“从这些话语中可以清楚地看出，所有基督徒都有义务忠于国家的政府，而不是去挑战它。因此，居住在美国的基督徒在参加任何抗议运动时，甚至当他们支持外国的抗议运动时都会犯错，例如波兰的团结运动。

There is a widespread notion in the United States that the censorship of books and other materials that are found objectionable is an undemocratic action. That notion is false. If a bookor magazine or stereo record or videotape contains ideas that are philosophically alien to the American way of life, it is not only the right but the duty of responsible citizens to remove it from circulation. This duty is especially strong in the case of our children. We would not stand idly by and allow our children or our neighbor's children to drink poison. We would take it from the mand dispose of it. Why should we be any less vigilant about what is poison to the mind than what is poison to the body?

美国有一个普遍的观点，认为对书籍和其他材料的审查令人反感是一种不民主的行为。这个概念是错误的。如果一本书或杂志或立体唱片或录像带包含与美国生活方式在哲学上不相容的想法，那么这不仅是权利也是负责任的公民有责任将其从流通中移除。对于我们的孩子来说，这项义务尤其强大。我们不会袖手旁观，允许我们的孩子或邻居的孩子喝毒药。我们会从它们身上拿走它并处理它。为什么我们对头脑中的毒药比对身体的毒药更不那么警惕？

In recent years there have been more and more restrictions on smokers. Whereas smokers used to be free to lightup anywhere at any time, the antismoking lobby has managed to eliminate smoking on many airline flights, in many offices, and in a variety of public places. In addition, they have seen to it that smokers are segregated in restaurants. All these actions are a denial of smokers' rights. The health risks of smoking have been overstated, but even so, if I choose to take risks with my health, that is my business and no one else's. if a co-worker doesn't want my smoke to drift her way, she has only to buy a small air purifier. If airline passengers want aspecial non-smoking section for themselves, I won't object – but they have no business objecting when I demand a smoking section.

近年来，对吸烟者的限制越来越多。尽管吸烟者随时可以随时随地点亮，但吸烟大厅已经设法消除了许多航空公司航班，许多办公室以及各种公共场所的吸烟情况。此外，他们已经看到，吸烟者在餐馆隔离。所有这些行为都是拒绝吸烟者的权利。吸烟的健康风险被夸大了，但即便如此，如果我选择冒着健康的风险，那是我的生意，而不是别人的。如果一位同事不希望我的烟雾飘过她，她只需要购买一台小型空气净化器。如果航空公司的乘客想要自己特殊的非吸烟区，我不会反对 - 但是当我要求吸烟区时，他们没有商业反对意见。

In 1983 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a driver's refusal to take a blood alcohol test can be used as evidence against him or her. I believe the Court erred in making that decision.

One reason for refusing to take a blood alcohol test is knowledge of one's drunken condition. But that is not the only possible reason. It's possible for a sober person to refuse the test because he sees it as an invasion of privacy.In such a case the "evidence" would probably be interpreted by the judge and the jury as a sign of guilt and an innocent person would be convicted.

1983年，美国最高法院裁定，司机拒绝接受血液酒精测试可以作为对他或她的证据。我相信法院在做出这个决定时犯了错误。拒绝参加血液酒精测试的一个原因是了解某人的醉酒状况。但这不是唯一可能的原因。一个清醒的人可能会拒绝这个测试，因为他认为这是对隐私的入侵。在这种情况下，“证据”可能会被法官和陪审团解释为有罪的标志，而无辜者将被定罪。

A woman wrote to "Dear Abby," complaining that her son was taking his fiancée's name when they married. Abby replied that the young man was an adult and free to make his own decision, so the mother should accept the situation gracefully. In my opinion,this was terrible advice. When a man caves in to his fiancée's pressure in this way, the marriage gets off to a bad start. Besides, there's something bizarre and unmanly about a man's giving up his family name. His family has a right to expect that he will maintain the family name. It has always been so and should continue to be.

一位女士写信给“亲爱的艾比”，抱怨她的儿子结婚时带着未婚妻的名字。艾比回答说，年轻人是成年人，可以自由决定，所以母亲应该优雅地接受这种情况。在我看来，这是可怕的建议。当一个男人以这种方式迎合他未婚妻的压力时，婚姻起步不好。此外，一个男人放弃他的姓氏有些奇怪和不合时宜。他的家人有权期望他会保持姓氏。它一直如此，应该继续保持。

On some campuses, when damages occurs on a dormitory floor and the person responsible is not identified,repair costs are charged to all those who live on the floor. This policy is  unjust. Sometimes damage is done by strangers who are visiting the dormitory.And even in cases where the guilty party lives on the floor, it is unfair to charge innocent people, many of whom may not even know when or by whom the damage was done. If college authorities cannot determine who is responsible, no one should be charged.

在一些校园里，当宿舍楼发生损坏并且没有确定负责人时，所有这一楼层的人都会被收取维修费用。这项政策是不公正的。有时候访问宿舍的陌生人会造成伤害。即使在有罪的一方居住在这一楼的情况下，对无辜的人进行指控也是不公平的，其中许多人甚至不知道何时或由谁造成的损害。如果大学当局无法确定谁应负责任，则不应对任何人提出指控。

Group discussion exercise: Select one of the cases you analyzed inapplication 4 and discuss it with two or three of your classmates. Try to reach a consensus on the issue, but be careful to avoid committing the errorsreviewed in this chapter. Be prepared to present your idea(s) to the class.

小组讨论练习：选择您在应用4中分析的一个案例，并与两个或三个同学讨论。尽量就此问题达成共识，但要小心避免犯本章所述的错误。准备好向班级介绍你的想法。

这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）