1. _objc_init

• 程序在启动时，先用dyld进行动态库的链接，做完一系列准备操作之后，会进入到_objc_init方法
• 下面简单了解一下主角_dyld_objc_notify_register开始之前的各个初始化的目的，在此不做详细介绍了，因为我也介绍不清楚~

void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;
    
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init();
    tls_init();
    static_init();
    lock_init();
    exception_init();

    _dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
}

1.1 environ_init

• 读取影响运行时的环境变量，可以使用 export OBJC_HELP=1 来打印环境变量帮助，下面展示一下打印的示例

objc[3206]: Objective-C runtime debugging. Set variable=YES to enable.
objc[3206]: OBJC_HELP: describe available environment variables
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_OPTIONS: list which options are set
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_IMAGES: log image and library names as they are loaded
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_IMAGE_TIMES: measure duration of image loading steps
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_LOAD_METHODS: log calls to class and category +load methods
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_INITIALIZE_METHODS: log calls to class +initialize methods
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_RESOLVED_METHODS: log methods created by +resolveClassMethod: and +resolveInstanceMethod:
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_CLASS_SETUP: log progress of class and category setup
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_PROTOCOL_SETUP: log progress of protocol setup
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_IVAR_SETUP: log processing of non-fragile ivars
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_VTABLE_SETUP: log processing of class vtables
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_VTABLE_IMAGES: print vtable images showing overridden methods
objc[3206]: OBJC_PRINT_CACHE_SETUP: log processing of method caches

1.2 tls_init

• 关于线程key的绑定

1.3 static_init

• 运行C++静态构造函数，在dyld调用我们的静态构造函数之前，libc会调用_objc_init，所以需要我们自己做

1.4 lock_init

• 空实现

1.5 exception_init

• 初始化 libobjc的异常处理系统

1.6 小结

• 做完上述准备条件之后，开始进入主角_dyld_objc_notify_register，通过注释可以知道该方法仅仅只用来在objc的运行时使用 ，进行map_images和load_images

//
// Note: only for use by objc runtime
// Register handlers to be called when objc images are mapped, unmapped, and initialized.
// Dyld will call back the "mapped" function with an array of images that contain an objc-image-info section.
// Those images that are dylibs will have the ref-counts automatically bumped, so objc will no longer need to
// call dlopen() on them to keep them from being unloaded.  During the call to _dyld_objc_notify_register(),
// dyld will call the "mapped" function with already loaded objc images.  During any later dlopen() call,
// dyld will also call the "mapped" function.  Dyld will call the "init" function when dyld would be called
// initializers in that image.  This is when objc calls any +load methods in that image.
//
void _dyld_objc_notify_register(_dyld_objc_notify_mapped    mapped,
                                _dyld_objc_notify_init      init,
                                _dyld_objc_notify_unmapped  unmapped);

2. map_images

/***********************************************************************
* map_images
* Process the given images which are being mapped in by dyld.
* Calls ABI-agnostic code after taking ABI-specific locks.
*
* Locking: write-locks runtimeLock
**********************************************************************/
void
map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
           const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);
    return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}

• 在map_images_nolock方法内部，找到关键代码，针对hCount做完一系列判断条件之后，开始_read_images读取镜像文件到内存，把类、分类、属性、方法、协议等全部读取到内存中去

    if (hCount > 0) {
        _read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
    }

2.1 read_images

• read_images的内部，通过定义个静态变量doneOnce，保证操作只做一次

// namedClasses
        // Preoptimized classes don't go in this table.
        // 4/3 is NXMapTable's load factor
        int namedClassesSize = 
            (isPreoptimized() ? unoptimizedTotalClasses : totalClasses) * 4 / 3;
        gdb_objc_realized_classes =
            NXCreateMapTable(NXStrValueMapPrototype, namedClassesSize);
        
        allocatedClasses = NXCreateHashTable(NXPtrPrototype, 0, nil);

• 当第一次执行时，会创建一张包含所有的类和元类的表gdb_objc_realized_classes，外加一张只包含已经初始化的类的表allocatedClasses
• 具体流程如下

    // 1. 初次进入，创建两张表
    if (!doneOnce) {
        doneOnce = YES;
        /** ... */
    }

    // 2. 类处理
    // Discover classes. Fix up unresolved future classes. Mark bundle classes.
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover classes");

    // Fix up remapped classes
    // Class list and nonlazy class list remain unremapped.
    // Class refs and super refs are remapped for message dispatching.
    
    if (!noClassesRemapped()) {
        for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    }

    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: remap classes");

    
    // 3. 方法编号处理
    // Fix up @selector references
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up selector references");

    
    // 修复处理，一般不会走
#if SUPPORT_FIXUP
    // Fix up old objc_msgSend_fixup call sites
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up objc_msgSend_fixup");
#endif

    // 4. 协议处理
    // Discover protocols. Fix up protocol refs.
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover protocols");

    // 修复处理，忽略
    // Fix up @protocol references
    // Preoptimized images may have the right 
    // answer already but we don't know for sure.
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: fix up @protocol references");

    // 5. 非懒加载类的处理
    // Realize non-lazy classes (for +load methods and static instances)
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize non-lazy classes");

    // 6. 将来需要处理的类
    // Realize newly-resolved future classes, in case CF manipulates them
    if (resolvedFutureClasses) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: realize future classes");

    // 7. 分类处理
    // Discover categories. 
    for (EACH_HEADER) {...}
    ts.log("IMAGE TIMES: discover categories");

2.2 类的处理

2.2.1 分析

• 那么再回到 read_images中，当创建完两张表之后，会进行类的处理，那么现在来分析一下，具体的处理过程
• 1.首先遍历当前的classlist，获取一下当前的类cls，此时只能获取到一个占位空间，没有具体信息
• 2.通过readClass读取cls的信息，读取完之后赋值给newCls，此时拿到了类的相关信息

        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            //数组中会取出OS_dispatch_queue_concurrent、OS_xpc_object、NSRunloop等系统类，例如CF、Fundation、libdispatch中的类。 以及自己创建的类，
            //此时只有地址，还没有获取到具体的类名，类的信息在下一步获取
            Class cls = (Class)classlist[i];
            
            // 通过readClass函数获取处理后的新类，
            Class newCls = readClass(cls, headerIsBundle, headerIsPreoptimized);

            // 初始化所有懒加载的类需要的内存空间 - 现在数据没有加载到的 - 连类都没有初始化的
            if (newCls != cls  &&  newCls) {
                // Class was moved but not deleted. Currently this occurs 
                // only when the new class resolved a future class.
                // Non-lazily realize the class below.

                // 将懒加载的类添加到数组中
                resolvedFutureClasses = (Class *)
                    realloc(resolvedFutureClasses, 
                            (resolvedFutureClassCount+1) * sizeof(Class));
                resolvedFutureClasses[resolvedFutureClassCount++] = newCls;
            }
        }

2.2.2 readClass初步分析

• 进入到readClass内部，我们可以看到如下代码，包含了class的rw以及ro等等赋值，我们的第一反应就是在readClass的时候进行rw和ro的读取

 Class replacing = nil;
    if (Class newCls = popFutureNamedClass(mangledName)) {
        // This name was previously allocated as a future class.
        // Copy objc_class to future class's struct.
        // Preserve future's rw data block.
        printf("******** popFutureNamedClass \n");
        
        if (newCls->isAnySwift()) {
            _objc_fatal("Can't complete future class request for '%s' "
                        "because the real class is too big.", 
                        cls->nameForLogging());
        }
        
        class_rw_t *rw = newCls->data();
        const class_ro_t *old_ro = rw->ro;
        memcpy(newCls, cls, sizeof(objc_class));
        rw->ro = (class_ro_t *)newCls->data();
        newCls->setData(rw);
        freeIfMutable((char *)old_ro->name);
        free((void *)old_ro);
        
        addRemappedClass(cls, newCls);
        
        replacing = cls;
        cls = newCls;
    }

• 那么我们手动试验一下，先在if内部增加一个打印方法

printf("******** popFutureNamedClass \n");

• 为了更准确知道到底有没有在这里进行赋值，我们在判断之前，先用一段代码打印一下加载的类的信息

// 验证方式， 这段代码放在上面那段 上面执行
    const class_ro_t *lgro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
    const char *lgname     = lgro->name;
    const char *lgnameTest = "LGPerson";
    if (strcmp(lgname, lgnameTest) == 0) {
        printf("******** LGPerson\n");
    }

• 看一下输出结果，popFutureNamedClass没有被打印，LGPerson被打印出来，可以发现当我们自定义的类LGPerson被加载的时候，并没有走到方法内部，而系统类也没有走到该方法内部，也就是说不满足popFutureNamedClass的条件，所以基本可以确定，一般的类不会在这里进行操作，这里是专门针对未来的待处理的类的特殊操作

******** LGPerson
2020-01-09 23:16:22.008399+0800 objc-debug[4032:140200] +[LGTeacher load]
2020-01-09 23:16:22.008904+0800 objc-debug[4032:140200] +[LGStudent load]

2.2.3 readClass进一步探索

• 我们知道普通的类并不会走到上面的if条件内部，那么接着看下面，其中在else中出现了两个方法addNamedClass和addClassTableEntry，分别追踪其方法内部，

if (headerIsPreoptimized  &&  !replacing) {
        // class list built in shared cache
        // fixme strict assert doesn't work because of duplicates
        // assert(cls == getClass(name));
        assert(getClassExceptSomeSwift(mangledName));
    } else {
        addNamedClass(cls, mangledName, replacing);
        addClassTableEntry(cls);
    }

• addNamedClass是把当前类cls添加到总表gdb_objc_realized_classes中去

/***********************************************************************
* addNamedClass
* Adds name => cls to the named non-meta class map.
* Warns about duplicate class names and keeps the old mapping.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller
**********************************************************************/
static void addNamedClass(Class cls, const char *name, Class replacing = nil)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();
    Class old;
    if ((old = getClassExceptSomeSwift(name))  &&  old != replacing) {
        inform_duplicate(name, old, cls);

        // getMaybeUnrealizedNonMetaClass uses name lookups.
        // Classes not found by name lookup must be in the
        // secondary meta->nonmeta table.
        addNonMetaClass(cls);
    } else {
        NXMapInsert(gdb_objc_realized_classes, name, cls);
    }
    assert(!(cls->data()->flags & RO_META));

    // wrong: constructed classes are already realized when they get here
    // assert(!cls->isRealized());
}

• addClassTableEntry是把当前类cls添加到，已经分配好的类的表allocatedClasses中

/***********************************************************************
* addClassTableEntry
* Add a class to the table of all classes. If addMeta is true,
* automatically adds the metaclass of the class as well.
* Locking: runtimeLock must be held by the caller.
**********************************************************************/
static void addClassTableEntry(Class cls, bool addMeta = true) {
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    // This class is allowed to be a known class via the shared cache or via
    // data segments, but it is not allowed to be in the dynamic table already.
    assert(!NXHashMember(allocatedClasses, cls));

    if (!isKnownClass(cls))
        NXHashInsert(allocatedClasses, cls);
    if (addMeta)
        addClassTableEntry(cls->ISA(), false);
}

• 到此，当前类cls已经通过readClass被成功插入到两张表中

2.2.4 readClass延伸

• readClass之后，我们拿到了一个被处理后的新的类newCls，当newCls和cls不相同之后就会走特殊处理
• 但是通过刚才readClass我们可以知道，一般的系统类和自定义类走完方法之后并没有改变，只有当有符合popFutureNamedClass条件的类出现的时候，我们才会走特殊的if处理方法，并且在最后给cls赋值，cls = newCls（代码可以看2.2.2第一段代码最后）,所以外面这个if判断，对于一般类来说是肯定不会走的

Class newCls = readClass(cls, headerIsBundle, headerIsPreoptimized);
// 初始化所有懒加载的类需要的内存空间 - 现在数据没有加载到的 - 连类都没有初始化的
if (newCls != cls  &&  newCls) {
    // Class was moved but not deleted. Currently this occurs 
    // only when the new class resolved a future class.
    // Non-lazily realize the class below.

    // 将懒加载的类添加到数组中
    resolvedFutureClasses = (Class *)
        realloc(resolvedFutureClasses, 
                (resolvedFutureClassCount+1) * sizeof(Class));
    resolvedFutureClasses[resolvedFutureClassCount++] = newCls;
}       

2.3 方法编号和协议处理

• 通过_getObjc2SelectorRefs读取所有的方法，并且把名字注册到当前的内存中去
• 遍历所有协议列表，并且将协议列表加载到Protocol的哈希表中

// 将所有SEL都注册到哈希表中，是另外一张哈希表
    // Fix up @selector references
    static size_t UnfixedSelectors;
    {
        mutex_locker_t lock(selLock);
        for (EACH_HEADER) {
            if (hi->isPreoptimized()) continue;
            
            bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();
            SEL *sels = _getObjc2SelectorRefs(hi, &count);
            UnfixedSelectors += count;
            for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                const char *name = sel_cname(sels[i]);
                // 注册SEL的操作
                sels[i] = sel_registerNameNoLock(name, isBundle);
            }
        }
    }
// Discover protocols. Fix up protocol refs.
    // 遍历所有协议列表，并且将协议列表加载到Protocol的哈希表中
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        extern objc_class OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
        // cls = Protocol类，所有协议和对象的结构体都类似，isa都对应Protocol类
        Class cls = (Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_Protocol;
        assert(cls);
        // 获取protocol哈希表
        NXMapTable *protocol_map = protocols();
        bool isPreoptimized = hi->isPreoptimized();
        bool isBundle = hi->isBundle();

        // 从编译器中读取并初始化Protocol
        protocol_t **protolist = _getObjc2ProtocolList(hi, &count);
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            readProtocol(protolist[i], cls, protocol_map, 
                         isPreoptimized, isBundle);
        }
    }

2.4 非懒加载类的处理

• 1. 针对非懒加载的类的处理，还是先从镜像表中映射出来cls后，然后进行一些isa和cache的初始化赋值
• 2. 再次插入到表allocatedClasses中
• 3. realizeClassWithoutSwift实现所有非懒加载的类(实例化类对象的一些信息，例如rw)

    // 实现非懒加载的类，对于load方法和静态实例变量
    for (EACH_HEADER) {
        classref_t *classlist = 
            _getObjc2NonlazyClassList(hi, &count);
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            // 从镜像列表中映射出来
            Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
            // printf("non-lazy Class:%s\n",cls->mangledName());
            if (!cls) continue;

            // hack for class __ARCLite__, which didn't get this above
#if TARGET_OS_SIMULATOR
            if (cls->cache._buckets == (void*)&_objc_empty_cache  &&  
                (cls->cache._mask  ||  cls->cache._occupied)) 
            {
                cls->cache._mask = 0;
                cls->cache._occupied = 0;
            }
            if (cls->ISA()->cache._buckets == (void*)&_objc_empty_cache  &&  
                (cls->ISA()->cache._mask  ||  cls->ISA()->cache._occupied)) 
            {
                cls->ISA()->cache._mask = 0;
                cls->ISA()->cache._occupied = 0;
            }
#endif
            // 再次插入到表allocatedClasses中
            addClassTableEntry(cls);

            if (cls->isSwiftStable()) {
                if (cls->swiftMetadataInitializer()) {
                    _objc_fatal("Swift class %s with a metadata initializer "
                                "is not allowed to be non-lazy",
                                cls->nameForLogging());
                }
                // fixme also disallow relocatable classes
                // We can't disallow all Swift classes because of
                // classes like Swift.__EmptyArrayStorage
            }
            // 实现所有非懒加载的类(实例化类对象的一些信息，例如rw)
            realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls);
        }
    }

2.4.1 realizeClassWithoutSwift

• 进入到方法内部，可以看到ro的赋值，此时ro已经有了值，但是rw只是创建，并没有值

    ro = (const class_ro_t *)cls->data();
    if (ro->flags & RO_FUTURE) {
        // 针对未来的类的特殊处理，不在主线流程中
        // This was a future class. rw data is already allocated.
        rw = cls->data();
        ro = cls->data()->ro;
        cls->changeInfo(RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING, RW_FUTURE);
    } else {
        // Normal class. Allocate writeable class data.
        // 一般的普通类都走这里，
        rw = (class_rw_t *)calloc(sizeof(class_rw_t), 1);
        rw->ro = ro;
        rw->flags = RW_REALIZED|RW_REALIZING;
        cls->setData(rw);
    }

• 继续往下，通过类的继承链，不断往上级父类递归处理，直到cls为nil的时候，则递归中断退出，从之前的isa和superClass继承图上，我们可以了解到，NSObject的父类为nil，那么刚好，这个递归，一直找到继承链的顶端也就是NSObject为止

if (!cls) return nil;
...
supercls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->superclass));
metacls = realizeClassWithoutSwift(remapClass(cls->ISA()));

cls->superclass = supercls;
cls->initClassIsa(metacls);

2.4.2 methodizeClass

• 在realizeClassWithoutSwift方法即将返回之前，我们可以看到，系统还调用了methodizeClass方法

static Class realizeClassWithoutSwift(Class cls)
{
  // 都是代码

    // Attach categories
    methodizeClass(cls);
    return cls;
}

• methodizeClass通过attachLists将methods、properties以及protocols写入到rw对应的位置上去

    // Install methods and properties that the class implements itself.
    method_list_t *list = ro->baseMethods();
    if (list) {
        prepareMethodLists(cls, &list, 1, YES, isBundleClass(cls));
        rw->methods.attachLists(&list, 1);
    }

    property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
    if (proplist) {
        rw->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
    }

    protocol_list_t *protolist = ro->baseProtocols;
    if (protolist) {
        rw->protocols.attachLists(&protolist, 1);
    }

• 这里需要介绍一下attachLists的实现，通过把oldList向后偏移addedCount的位置，然后把新的addedLists整体插入到表的前面，从而实现分类的方法覆盖本类同名方法

    void attachLists(List* const * addedLists, uint32_t addedCount) {
        if (addedCount == 0) return;

        if (hasArray()) {
            // many lists -> many lists
            uint32_t oldCount = array()->count;//10
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;//4
            setArray((array_t *)realloc(array(), array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;// 10+4
   
            memmove(array()->lists + addedCount, array()->lists,
                    oldCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
            
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
        else if (!list  &&  addedCount == 1) {
            // 0 lists -> 1 list
            list = addedLists[0];
        } 
        else {
            // 1 list -> many lists
            List* oldList = list;
            uint32_t oldCount = oldList ? 1 : 0;
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
            setArray((array_t *)malloc(array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;
            if (oldList) array()->lists[addedCount] = oldList;
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
    }

• 到此，非懒加载类的rw也已经赋值完成

2.5 懒加载类的处理

• 没有实现load方法的类，叫做懒加载类
• 当懒加载类第一次调用消息发送的时候，会去实现该类
• 在lookUpImpOrForward方法中，当isRealized条件满足时，会去调用方法realizeClassMaybeSwiftAndLeaveLocked
• 最后调用realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls)和之前类似处理

if (!cls->isRealized()) {
        cls = realizeClassMaybeSwiftAndLeaveLocked(cls, runtimeLock);
        // runtimeLock may have been dropped but is now locked again
}

static Class
realizeClassMaybeSwiftAndLeaveLocked(Class cls, mutex_t& lock)
{
    return realizeClassMaybeSwiftMaybeRelock(cls, lock, true);
}

static Class
realizeClassMaybeSwiftMaybeRelock(Class cls, mutex_t& lock, bool leaveLocked)
{
    lock.assertLocked();

    if (!cls->isSwiftStable_ButAllowLegacyForNow()) {
        // Non-Swift class. Realize it now with the lock still held.
        // fixme wrong in the future for objc subclasses of swift classes
        realizeClassWithoutSwift(cls);
        if (!leaveLocked) lock.unlock();
    } else {
        // Swift class. We need to drop locks and call the Swift
        // runtime to initialize it.
        lock.unlock();
        cls = realizeSwiftClass(cls);
        assert(cls->isRealized());    // callback must have provoked realization
        if (leaveLocked) lock.lock();
    }

    return cls;
}

2.6 分类的处理

2.6.1 分类的定义

• 自定义分类LGTeacher+test，反编译成C++文件以后，发现分类结构体

struct _category_t {
    const char *name; // 谁的分类
    struct _class_t *cls; // 类
    const struct _method_list_t *instance_methods;
    const struct _method_list_t *class_methods;
    const struct _protocol_list_t *protocols;
    const struct _prop_list_t *properties;
};

• 在objc源码中objc-runtime-new.h里面定义到分类结构体

struct category_t {
    const char *name;
    classref_t cls;
    struct method_list_t *instanceMethods;
    struct method_list_t *classMethods;
    struct protocol_list_t *protocols;
    struct property_list_t *instanceProperties;
    // Fields below this point are not always present on disk.
    struct property_list_t *_classProperties;

    method_list_t *methodsForMeta(bool isMeta) {
        if (isMeta) return classMethods;
        else return instanceMethods;
    }

    property_list_t *propertiesForMeta(bool isMeta, struct header_info *hi);
};

2.6.2 分类的加载

2.6.2.1 非懒加载主类+非懒加载分类

• 1.read_images
• 2.realizeClassWithoutSwift
• 3.methodizeClass(cls)
• 4.unattachedCategoriesForClass
• 5.attachCategories

2.6.2.2 非懒加载主类+懒加载分类

• 1.read_images
• 2.realizeClassWithoutSwift
• 3.methodizeClass(cls)
• 4.直接添加到data->ro

2.6.2.3 懒加载主类+懒加载分类

• 1.ObjcMsgSend
• 2.lookuporforward
• 3.realizeClassWithoutSwift
• 4.methodlizeClass

2.6.2.4 懒加载主类+非懒加载分类

• 这个时候，主类需要提前实现
• 提前到prepare_load_methods实现

3. 总结

• 1._objc_init先进行初始化设置
• 2.通知进行map_images，其中关键操作就是read_images
• 3.read_images内部先把类添加到表gdb_objc_realized_classes和allocatedClasses中去，之后把方法编号和协议等也映射到内存中去，并在对非懒加载类进行处理的时候，通过realizeClassWithoutSwift对ro进行赋值，并且创建rw，之后通过methodizeClass对rw赋值
• 4.对于懒加载类处理的时候，则是在第一次消息发送的时候进行处理
• 5.对于分类的处理的时候，需要考虑到主类和分类是否分别为懒加载类，需要分开处理，当分类为懒加载类时，编译时就确定，如果为非懒加载分类，那么就是运行时确定，
• 这一块理解的有点迷~~~，有错误的地方希望大家补充指正