13-4-2SAVING THE SOIL
原文
More than a third of the Earth's top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet's most precious resource?
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小标题,作者哀嚎. > 就现象提出疑问
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A More than a third of the world's soil is ==endangered==, according to a recent UN report. If we don't slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.
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A: 土地问题很严重
单词:
endangered, (动植物)濒危的
UN 联合国
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B Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world's soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown.A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other ==microorganisms== such as viruses and ==fungi==, living amid ==decomposing== plants and various minerals.
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PG这个人说科学家发现土地退化很多年了. 同时人们也明白了土地很重要. 然后解释具体怎么个重要.
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That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of ==nearly all our existing antibiotics==, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic- resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ==ally== against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants,they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils alsostore water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.
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依旧土地重要性, 举例.一直在also.
ally 盟友;同盟国,辅助 支持者
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C If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its ==special properties== will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.
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如果土壤失去了他的能力就....
special properties 特性
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Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil.Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile.In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.
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(进一步解释说明土地失去能力会怎样.举例.)在野外植物会吸收土壤营养,但是植物死掉就会还回去.
人们往往不会将收获的作物中未使用的部分直接归还给土壤，这意味着土壤逐渐变得不那么肥沃
(承上启下)我们采取了措施,如改变作物类型,一个季度不耕作该土地.
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D But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ==ammonium nitrate==. Farmers have been putting this ==synthetic fertiliser== on their fields ever since.
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这种措施不方便了,人口太多,农业要变得更商业化.(我的理解是.如果一个季度不耕作或者改变作物类型会影响赚钱.)
ammonium nitrate. 硝酸铵. 这个老见,记一下影响不大.
synthetic fertiliser 合成肥料
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But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn't such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting ==nitrous oxide== into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that ==indiscriminate== use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it a==cidic and salty,== and degrading the soil they are supposed to ==nourish.==
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(又但是了,要出题了!) 这不是聪明的方式,化学肥料释放有害的气体.随着下雨进河流里了.
indiscriminate 不歧视v. 无差别的,任意的.
nourish. 养育,滋养
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E One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who ==started out== running a tree-care business in the ==Netherlands==, and now advises some of the world's top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees ==flourished== was to take care of the soil, and has developed a ==cocktail== of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris's mix to the desert-like test ==plots==, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to ==pierce== dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the ==control plots==, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak.
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(要开始解决了)一个人找到了解决方式,研发出了有益菌的混合物.把这种混合物放到了过度使用肥料的土壤上.和以前用传统肥料的区别很大.
start out 从事,出发.
Netherlands 荷兰
flourished 长势良好的.
cocktail 鸡尾酒,混合物
plots:密谋,小块地,图表.
pierce 刺入
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FHowever, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem.To assess our options on a global scale we first ==need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there==, and the problems they face. That's not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, ==drone surveys,== satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.
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(又是然而..)这种方式依旧不能解决全球土地衰退问题.我们需要对那里的土地有一个精确的了解,知道他们面对什么问题.(对问题展开说)第一,没有公认的国际化系统辨认土地.为了用统一的方式,联合国还创建了一个全球土地地图计划.来自9个国家的研究人员正在合作创建一幅与数据库相连的地图，该数据库可以提供来自实地调查、无人机调查、卫星图像、实验室分析等的测量数据，从而提供关于soi状态的实时数据
assess 评估,评定.
access 使用权, 入口通道.访问.
drone 无人机.
be fed. 就是被提供.
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G But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. 'Most scientists don't speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa. Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of 'zero net land degradation'. Like the idea of ==carbon neutrality==, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.
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做呼吁 提建议了.
carbon neutrality 碳中和
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For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are ==agitating== for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?
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提出问题.
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Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.
*Humus: the part of the soil formed from dead plant material
笔记
一共三个大题
第一题 14-17 Complete the summary below. 短文填空
==Write ONE WORD ONLY in each gap.==
image-20220306191657432
image-20220306193505904
顺序的填空题 ----- 找到定位就填写完了.
注意点:
同义替换,指代关系出答案.
同义替换
14 as well as -----and
15 storing --- holding
16 holding ---- storing
17 main factor ---- the biggest problem
笔记
by far =so far 到目前为止
第二道题 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
==Choose the correct answer and move it into the gap.==6个中选4个
[ ] 这是啥题型啊?????????????
image-20220306192355104
image-20220306194143347
注意点
18 unused parts of harvested crops定位 Nutrients句意定位. return ---- put back into
19 HB 人名(感觉不像人名,名字定位吧),(大写定位), Synthetic fertilisers 复杂名词定位. 明显承上启下句往下看.
不是个聪明的做法,然后产生了一堆问题.
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Synthetic fertilisers = fertilizer 合成化肥
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20 PF定位, 大定位, addition of mixture 小定位. F'mix
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这道题笨蛋了! 题目翻译: 在土壤中加入由PF开发的混合物. 我竟然后面的题没对....答案都直接写出来额
20题小难. 感觉出来考官想分一下学生等级.
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21 zero net 定位,
这道题第一时间没有找到定位,前面的题都是一道题一段,这道题是跨了一段,也还好.没那么过分.
笔记
f 第一段有 负向 定位 global ,因此直接把选项里f去掉.
如果认真扫读其实也看到了nine countries. 和题目无关,删了.
题目做完选项只有acde 了..找就完事
技巧
并列排除 同义替换, 跳题,两两定位,
第三题 Which paragraph contains the following information?
Choose the correct answer.
NBYou may use any letter more than once.
image-20220306200200432
image-20220306200519243
注意点
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不会真错这么多吧...第二篇就错3个第三篇咋办!!!!发个牢骚继续
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22 a reference to one person's motivation for a soil-improvement project 一个人参与土壤改良项目的动机
定位, one person motivation soil-improvement.
说到一个人只有BE,B其实感觉不合适..但是没时间了直接选了. 解析看精读里.
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这道题主要是前面的题一直在看句子,很少看段落,这道题开始要看段落了.没有转换过来
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23 an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming 解释在农业发展之前土壤是如何保持健康的
定位 感觉没定位... stay healthy.
这道题有点难啊.. 解析上的意思是, 大自然和人类活动下土壤发展做了对比, 刚好迎合了原文.拿不到正常.能理解
24 examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation 收集土壤退化信息的不同方法的例子
题目中有一句话,*NBYou may use any letter more than once. *这样的话一般都会有一个双选的.
25 a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in the near future 关于在不久的将来保持某些类型土壤安全的方法的建议
看了段首的话就出来了,而且根据说明文结构最后一段最有可能对未来提建议
26 a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation 难以提供土壤退化概况的原因之一
看了倒数第二段段首就出来了.
笔记
技巧就是 先找好找的,不好找的是真不好找. 软柿子原则;
有的不好找并不意味着找不出来,是为了避免9分思想, 时间先拿好拿的题.
技巧
overall
这道题错三个正常.
23 是段意总结出来的关系,需要看很久
24 看到NB其实就出来了 不该错
22 没有转换过来,但是也是段落之间 50%正确率猜吧.
20,21 有点小套路,可以错,但是没错...
13-4-3 Book review
什么题需要暂时跳过最后做?
第一道题是选择题
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选择题
定位
-最优答案
-顺序原则
-同义转换
检查
正确:切题/概括/客观
错误:离题/过于具体/绝对
-两个选项类似,答案可能在里面
-方向一致
-语义连贯
-主观状态与客观事实相混淆
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