近期在看《心理学百科》这本书，一时心血来潮，想起了昨天在现象级英语社群里学到的每日一词之shape，就在书中进行了搜索，发现shape竟然出现了43次，而且大部分用法都是老师提及的影响、塑造、决定等含义，小词有大用～
重温shape
英英释义： to influence the way that a person, idea, or situation develops
“shape”作为名词表示“形状”，它也常作为动词使用，意思是“影响”、“塑造”、“决定”。用它可以替换 influence 和 have an impact on。由于“shape”有“形状”的意思，因此作“塑造”的意思形象生动，表示影响的程度很大。
以下内容摘自 The psychology book
1.✅how behavior be shaped by interaction with the environment
The behaviorists’ studies concentrated almost exclusively on how behavior is shaped by interaction with the environment; this “stimulus–response” theory became well known through the work of John Watson.
2.️
✅how much the mind is formed by physical factors
✅how much the mind is shaped by our environment
Scientists wondered how much the mind is formed by physical factors, and how much is shaped by our environment.
3.
Our sensations provide details of shape, size, color, smell, and texture, but when these are internalized, Wundt says, they are compounded into complex representations, such as a face.
4.has shaped our understanding of behavior
His insistence on focusing on the wholeness of events, including the effects of different environments on our actions—in contrast to the introspective, structuralist approach of breaking down our experiences into small details—has also shaped our understanding of behavior.
5. shaped by experience
Raymond Cattell defines two types of intelligence: fluid (inborn) and crystallized (shaped by experience).
6.take shape the form behaviorism
The notion of conditioning, often referred to as “stimulus–response” (S–R) psychology, shaped the form behaviorism was to take.
7.
Evolving from the idea of Pavlovian or classical conditioning came Watson’s assertion that environmental stimuli alone shape behavior; innate or inherited factors are not involved.
8.
The next generation included the “radical behaviorist” B.F. Skinner, who proposed a rethink of the stimulus–response notion in his theory of “operant conditioning”—which stated that behavior was shaped by consequences, not by a preceding stimulus.
9.
The child, Watson believed, is shaped by its environment, and that environment is controlled by the parents.
10.
While still careful to avoid the notions of “reward” and “punishment,” Skinner concluded that behavior was shaped much more efficiently by a program of positive reinforcement.
11.
British psychologist Michael Argyle states that comparison shapes self-esteem; we feel better when we feel more successful than others, and worse when we feel less successful than others.
12.
Because it is our perception that shapes our experience…
13.
Once we understand that our perception shapes our experience, we can see how the roles we play and the actions we take are tools, which we can then use consciously for changing reality.
14.
Perls saw his task as helping his patients to cultivate an awareness of the power of their perceptions, and how they shape reality (or what we describe as “reality”).
15.
Our sense of self is shaped by our awareness of the “Other,” or the world outside ourselves. However, Lacan stated, it is the language of the Other that forms our deepest thoughts.
16.
Since self and personality emerge out of experience, it is of the utmost importance to stay fully open to the possibilities offered by each moment, and to let experience shape the self.
17.
Frankl stresses that we are not at the mercy of our environment or events, because we dictate how we allow them to shape us.
18.
These reactions shape a role that we adopt, especially when under stress.
19.
Like Freud, Laing challenged the fundamental values of psychiatry, rejecting its focus on mental illness as a biological phenomenon and highlighting the significance of the social, cultural, and familial influences that shape personal experience.
20.
The analogy he uses to explain this is typically practical: he describes a Y-shaped tube, into which two flows of ping pong balls are channeled.
21.
Our short-term memories are like a Y-shaped tube.
22.
Broadbent was instrumental in setting up a Joint Council Initiative on Cognitive Science and Human-Computer Interaction, which helped shape the development of cognitive science.
23.
The funding deficit also shaped his approach to the subject, designing experiments that used no more than a pen, some paper, and a supply of index cards.
24.
it may have been shaped by a leading question or false information.
25.
This is the fear that if we accept that we are shaped by evolutionary psychology, our “finer feelings”—our perceptions, motives, and emotions—will be reduced to mere processes of our genetic evolution, and so biology will “debunk all that we hold sacred.”
26.
In The Mating Mind, American evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey Miller says that human intelligence is shaped by sexual selection.
27.
He detailed his findings in his 1955 paper Opinions and Social Pressure, which also discusses the social influences that shape a person’s beliefs, judgments, and practices.
28.
Asch’s conclusions note the power (and danger) of social influence to shape a person’s beliefs and behavior.
29.
Goffman himself was said to enjoy testing the limits of the rules that shaped encounters in restaurants, lecture theaters, and movie theater lines.
30.
Zajonc’s paper describes a series of experiments in which he showed participants a sequence of random images—geometric shapes, Chinese symbols, paintings, and pictures of faces—that were flashed in front of them so rapidly that they were unable to discern which were shown repeatedly.
31.
However, as with shapes and symbols, repeated exposure is shown to increase trust and affection.
32.
Because it aims to be impartial and universal, mainstream psychology does not address the way specific contexts and environments shape mental health.
33.
Piaget’s ideas set the stage for the new field of developmental psychology and shaped the curricula of schools up to the present day.
34.
He created the context in which a vast body of research took shape in the 20th and 21st centuries, and fundamentally changed the nature of education in the Western world.
35.
An infant, for instance, engages in sucking, cuddling, looking, smiling, and crying in order to shape and control his caregiver’s behavior, and a caregiver would be sensitive and responsive to the infant’s needs.
36.
In this way the two behavioral systems—attachment and caregiving—help to shape one another and create a lifelong bond.
37.
…common traits, such as honesty or aggression. In the absence of cardinal traits, personality is shaped by these traits.
38.
These are the building blocks that shape our behavior, but they are less fundamental than cardinal traits.
39.
His culture-fair intelligence test, which uses nonverbal, multiple-choice questions based on shapes and patterns, requires no prior learning from the participants and can be used to test children and adults from any culture.
40.
1938 American psychologist Henry Murray develops his theory of how personality is shaped by psychogenic needs.
41.
They may even—as in the case of indignation or humiliation—be shaped by culture.
42.
He also devised Pragnanz, the idea that the mind processes visual information into the simplest forms of symmetry and shape.
43.
So, for example, if we see a face with certain features—mouth shape, eye color, nose size, and so on—we may recognize the face as a person we know.
